{"id":1060,"date":"2023-11-05T00:39:26","date_gmt":"2023-11-04T23:39:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=1060"},"modified":"2023-12-04T01:41:44","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T00:41:44","slug":"darwin-predpovedel-vyvoj-lidskeho-jazyka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/11\/05\/darwin-predpovedel-vyvoj-lidskeho-jazyka\/","title":{"rendered":"Darwin p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bl v\u00fdvoj lidsk\u00e9ho jazyka"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Posledn\u00edch tis\u00edc let se na anglick\u00fdch slovesech projevuje p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br a vliv &#8222;gen\u016f&#8220;.<\/strong><!--more--><br \/>\nLingvist\u00e9 z University v Pennsylvanii na\u0161li ve v\u00fdvoji angli\u010dtiny stejn\u00e9 z\u00e1konitosti jako v biologick\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu let se st\u00e1le v\u00edce sloves tohoto jazyka stalo nepravideln\u00fdmi. To je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zp\u016fsobeno zm\u011bnami ve ver\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek o tomto v\u00fdzkumu byl publikov\u00e1n v \u010dasopise Nature. (1)<\/p>\n<p>Auto\u0159i studovali n\u011bkolik korpus\u016f americk\u00e9 verze anglick\u00e9ho jazyka, v\u010detn\u011b text\u016f psan\u00fdch od roku 1810 do roku 2009. Korpus p\u0159edstavuje sb\u00edrku text\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1nr\u016f, publikovan\u00fdch v jednom jazyce. Obvykle obsahuj\u00ed miliony slov. Zaj\u00edmali se o slovesa, proto\u017ee tato \u010d\u00e1st \u0159e\u010di se vyskytuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech v\u011bcech. V\u011bdci se pod\u00edvali na to, v jak\u00fdch textech ur\u010dit\u00e9 doby, se jak \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed pravideln\u00e9 a nepravideln\u00e9 formy sloves.<\/p>\n<p>P\u016fvodn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklad lingvist\u016f byl, \u017ee slovesa v angli\u010dtin\u011b se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed pravideln\u00fdmi, tj. ve druh\u00e9 a t\u0159et\u00ed form\u011b kon\u010d\u00ed na -ed. Uk\u00e1zalo se v\u0161ak, \u017ee je to jinak. Z 36 slov, kter\u00e9 se objevily v textu v pravideln\u00e9m i v nepravideln\u00e9m tvaru, se \u0161est &#8222;vyvinulo&#8220;. \u010cty\u0159i z nich se staly nepravideln\u00fdmi. \u201eDived\u201c se p\u0159em\u011bnilo v \u201edove\u201c (to dive &#8211; pono\u0159it) a z \u201equitted\u201c se stalo \u201equit\u201c (to quit &#8211; aby se p\u0159estalo n\u011bco d\u011blat). A jen dv\u011b z nepravideln\u00fdch se staly pravideln\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Lingvisti nenalezli ostr\u00fd p\u0159echod z jedn\u00e9 formy slovesa na druhou. \u010cetnost t\u011bch nebo on\u011bch slov se postupn\u011b zm\u011bnila, jako by byly pod vlivem p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru. Auto\u0159i navrhli, \u017ee evoluce sloves se \u0159\u00eddila zm\u011bnami ve ver\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Zp\u016fsoby r\u00fdmov\u00e1n\u00ed strof\u016f se m\u011bnily a tak\u00e9 s nimi slovesa, proto\u017ee strofy \u010dasto skon\u010dily pr\u00e1v\u011b slovesy.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci tak\u00e9 objevili v angli\u010dtin\u011b analogii genetick\u00e9ho driftu. Tento jev, kdy jedny varianty jednoho i toho dan\u00e9ho genu se n\u00e1hodn\u011b st\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 &#8211; vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi. To se d\u011bje bez jak\u00e9hokoli \u00fa\u010delu, bez akce v\u00fdb\u011bru, za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 varianta genu je lep\u0161\u00ed nebo hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Svazek byl dob\u0159e ozna\u010den p\u0159\u00edkladem vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch slov. Jsou \u010dast\u011bji n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k tomu, m\u011bnit sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam. Lingvisti to vysv\u011btluj\u00ed skute\u010dnost\u00ed, \u017ee pravd\u011bpodobnost jednou usly\u0161et n\u011bjak\u00fd koncept, pamatovat si jeho smysl vlastn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem a pak p\u0159en\u00e9st tyto poznatky na sv\u00e9 d\u011bti, je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pravd\u011bpodobnost nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 interpretace slova, kter\u00e9 ka\u017ed\u00fd sly\u0161\u00ed \u010dasto.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Odkaz<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Mitchell G. Newberry, Christopher A. Ahern, Robin Clark, Joshua B. Plotkin: Detecting evolutionary forces in language change. Nature 551, 223\u2013226 (9.11. 2017) doi:10.1038\/nature24455. Internet: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature24455\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature24455<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Posledn\u00edch tis\u00edc let se na anglick\u00fdch slovesech projevuje p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br a vliv &#8222;gen\u016f&#8220;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":268,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,8],"tags":[24],"class_list":["post-1060","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-souvislosti","category-veda","tag-rec"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1060","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1060"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1060\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1061,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1060\/revisions\/1061"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/268"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1060"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1060"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1060"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}