{"id":1146,"date":"2023-11-18T00:23:24","date_gmt":"2023-11-17T23:23:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=1146"},"modified":"2023-12-23T01:56:34","modified_gmt":"2023-12-23T00:56:34","slug":"o-strachu-byt-pohrben-zaziva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/11\/18\/o-strachu-byt-pohrben-zaziva\/","title":{"rendered":"O strachu b\u00fdt poh\u0159ben za\u017eiva"},"content":{"rendered":"

Patologick\u00fd strach z toho, \u017ee bude \u010dlov\u011bk poh\u0159ben za\u017eiva \u2013 tafefobie<\/em> (1) \u2013 se objevuje dodnes.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ale b\u00fdvaly doby, kdy se tento druh fobie vyskytoval t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 masov\u011b.<\/p>\n

Nikolaj Gogol<\/em> (1809-1852) ve sv\u00e9m sborn\u00edku \u201eVybran\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee z korespondence s p\u0159\u00e1teli\u201c<\/em> na\u0159\u00eddil: \u201eT\u011blo m\u00e9 nepoh\u0159b\u00edvejte, dokud neprojev\u00ed zjevn\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky rozkladu. Zmi\u0148uji to proto, \u017ee u\u017e b\u011bhem nemoci u mne byly chv\u00edle nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti \u017eivota, srdce p\u0159estalo b\u00edt … Byl jsem v \u017eivot\u011b sv\u011bdkem mnoha smutn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed na\u0161eho nerozumn\u00e9ho sp\u011bchu ve v\u0161ech v\u011bcech, a to i v poh\u0159bu, a proto to p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1m zde na sam\u00e9m po\u010d\u00e1tku m\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bti, v nad\u011bji, \u017ee snad posmrtn\u00fd hlas m\u016fj v\u00e1m p\u0159ipomene tuto ostra\u017eitost.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Nikolaj Gogol<\/em><\/p>\n

Patologick\u00fd stav sp\u00e1nku s v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm metabolismu a oslaben\u00ed nebo vymizen\u00ed reakc\u00ed na sluchov\u00e9, hmatov\u00e9 a bolestiv\u00e9 stimuly, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 letargie \u2013 chorobn\u00e1 spavost. \u201eP\u0159\u00ed\u010diny letargie nejsou zn\u00e1my,\u201c \u2013 oznamuj\u00ed trvale v\u011bdeck\u00e9 encyklopedie. Ve vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech k letargii doch\u00e1z\u00ed nepravideln\u011b.<\/p>\n

Jeden anglick\u00fd kn\u011bz spal \u0161est dn\u00ed v t\u00fddnu, v ned\u011bli vstal k j\u00eddlu a odslou\u017eil m\u0161i. A tak st\u00e1le dokola. V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed trp\u00ed touto nemoc\u00ed v dosp\u011blosti.<\/p>\n

Nehled\u011b na znepokojuj\u00edc\u00ed zv\u011bsti, v\u011bdci vyvr\u00e1tili hypot\u00e9zu o \u00fadajn\u00e9m poh\u0159ben\u00ed za\u017eiva geni\u00e1ln\u00edho rusk\u00e9ho spisovatele. Ale strach usnout letargick\u00fdm sp\u00e1nkem a probudit se v rakvi pod tlustou vrstvou zeminy \u2013 to je zcela re\u00e1ln\u00e9 a nijak p\u0159ita\u017een\u00e9 za vlasy. V\u017edy\u0165 i Gogol<\/em> d\u0159\u00edmal v noci na \u017eidli, proto\u017ee v roce 1839, pot\u00e9, co utrp\u011bl malarickou encefalitidu, byl posti\u017een mdlobou, po kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sledoval del\u0161\u00ed sp\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n

Patologick\u00fd strach z poh\u0159ben\u00ed za\u017eiva – tafefobie \u2013 postihl nejen mysticky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 spisovatele, ale state\u010dn\u00e9 bojovn\u00edky. \u0160vagr prusk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Fridricha II,<\/em> princ Ferdinand von Braunschweig<\/em> (1721-1792), kter\u00fd ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch r\u016fzn\u00fdch vl\u00e1dc\u016f opakovan\u011b poslal na smrt spoustu sv\u00fdch hrdinn\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, nijak neopl\u00fdval mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou state\u010dnost\u00ed p\u0159i eventu\u00e1ln\u00edm setk\u00e1n\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 s Bohem. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tento velk\u00fd mistr v\u0161ech skotsk\u00fdch zedn\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch l\u00f3\u017e\u00ed, ze strachu, \u017ee bude poh\u0159ben\u00fd za\u017eiva, vymyslel zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed rakev s mal\u00fdmi okny, otev\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edmi se zevnit\u0159.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ferdinand von Braunschweig <\/em><\/p>\n

Tento origin\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1pad si u n\u011bj vyp\u016fj\u010dili a rozvinuli dal\u0161\u00ed podiv\u00edni. V XVIII. stolet\u00ed honorace na Z\u00e1pad\u011b v\u00edru ve v\u0161emocnost v\u011bdy dovedla do absurdity. D\u00e1vn\u00fd strach st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka z podsv\u011btn\u00edch hr\u016fz se zm\u011bnil ve fobii b\u00fdt poh\u0159ben za\u017eiva. V z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch ovlivnil v\u011bdeck\u00fd pokrok i tafefobii.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, kdy\u017e u\u010den\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed u\u017e n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem studovali vlastnosti lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla, vyst\u0159\u00eddali u nemocn\u00fdch nevzd\u011blan\u00e9 far\u00e1\u0159e, mo\u017enosti \u0161patn\u00fdch diagn\u00f3z m\u011bly b\u00fdt postupn\u011b zmen\u0161ov\u00e1ny. St\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji se za\u010dali uchylovat k r\u016fzn\u00fdm podivn\u00fdm zp\u016fsob\u016fm, jak p\u0159iv\u00e9st \u010dlov\u011bka na prahu smrti op\u011bt k v\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 metody byly \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9: utopen\u00e9ho polo\u017eili na b\u0159icho a p\u0159iv\u00e1zali k sedlu, a nechali kon\u011b klusat…
\nV roce 1740 francouzsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Ludv\u00edk XV.<\/em> (1710-1774), jako prvn\u00ed v Evrop\u011b, upustil od potrest\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech sv\u00fdch poddan\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017eili p\u0159iv\u00e9st lidi zp\u011bt k \u017eivotu. Pokrok \u0161el m\u00edlov\u00fdmi kroky. Po dal\u0161\u00edch 50 letech u\u017e pokusy o resuscitaci mrtv\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 byly d\u0159\u00edve vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako svatokr\u00e1de\u017e, nebyly p\u0159edm\u011btem trestn\u00edho postihu ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jeden z pr\u016fkopn\u00edk\u016f poznatk\u016f o elekt\u0159in\u011b, zakladatel elektrofyziologie, italsk\u00fd anatom a fyziolog Luigi Galvani<\/em> (1737-1798), provedl roku 1771 experimenty s elekt\u0159inou na zv\u00ed\u0159atech a zkoumal fenom\u00e9n kontrakce sval\u016f p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch vzork\u016f \u017eab vlivem elektrick\u00e9ho proudu. 6. listopadu 1780 tento vedouc\u00ed katedry na univerzit\u011b v Boloni provedl pokus se \u017eab\u00edmi steh\u00fdnky. Zjistil, \u017ee sval se smr\u0161t\u00ed po dotyku dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch kov\u016f, co\u017e Galvani vysv\u011btlil existenc\u00ed \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny.<\/p>\n

Ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed v\u011bdec se domn\u00edval, \u017ee by to mohlo fungovat stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem i na mrtvole. Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee u\u017e sto let p\u0159ed Galvanim z\u00e1\u0161kuby sval\u016f p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch vzork\u016f \u017eab popsal nizozemsk\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 Jan Swammerdam<\/em> (1637-1680), ale a\u017e jeho italsk\u00fd kolega jev detailn\u011b prostudoval a vytvo\u0159il teorii, kterou to vysv\u011btlil. Zde byly prvopo\u010d\u00e1tky elektro\u0161ok\u016f, kter\u00fdmi se dnes vrac\u00ed do \u017eivota mno\u017estv\u00ed lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jako obvykle, olej do ohn\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1valy noviny, popisuj\u00edce hr\u016fzn\u00e9 podrobnosti o lidech vst\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch z rakv\u00ed v ten moment, kdy je u\u017e u\u017e poh\u0159b\u00edvali nebo se je chystali sp\u00e1lit. Tak\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00e9 popisy nep\u0159irozen\u011b zkroucen\u00fdch mrtvol, objeven\u00fdch p\u0159i exhumaci, sna\u017e\u00edc\u00edch se dostat z rakve…<\/p>\n

A co nejd\u011bsiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edho \u2013 toho, \u010deho se Gogol tolik b\u00e1l, se pr\u00fd naplnilo – p\u0159i exhumaci spisovatele bylo pr\u00fd oblo\u017een\u00ed rakve cel\u00e9 po\u0161kraban\u00e9 a potrhan\u00e9 a hlava byla obr\u00e1cena na stranu…<\/p>\n

Neobvykl\u00e1 pozice pro mrtv\u00e9ho byla objevena i p\u0159i otev\u0159en\u00ed hrobek n\u011bkolika dal\u0161\u00edch slavn\u00fdch rusk\u00fdch a sov\u011btsk\u00fdch spisovatel\u016f a b\u00e1sn\u00edk\u016f: Vsevoloda Ivanova<\/em> (1895-1963), Jurije Ole\u0161y<\/em> (1899-1960), Michaila Sv\u011btlova<\/em> (1903-1964) a dal\u0161\u00edch. Pro\u010d zrovna oni?<\/p>\n

Ukazuje se v\u0161ak, \u017ee jsou to jen chybn\u011b pochopen\u00e9 norm\u00e1ln\u00ed okolnosti, souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se zborcen\u00edm rakve. Prvn\u00ed obvykle shnij\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b siln\u00e9 bo\u010dn\u00ed desky d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 rakve; v\u00edko rakve pod t\u00edhou tlaku zeminy klesne na lebku a hlavu oto\u010d\u00ed na jednu stranu, na tzv. prvn\u00edm kr\u010dn\u00edm obratli.<\/p>\n

Tafefobie v\u0161ak nevymizela. Od po\u010d\u00e1tku XIX. stolet\u00ed a je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkde dodnes n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed paranoici kupuj\u00ed sarkof\u00e1gy s v\u011btrac\u00edmi otvory, opat\u0159uj\u00ed je rolni\u010dkami, a nyn\u00ed dokonce i mobiln\u00edmi telefony a dal\u0161\u00edmi vyn\u00e1lezy, kter\u00e9 jim maj\u00ed pomoci po jejich chybn\u00e9m prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed za mrtv\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Obr. v titulku: Antoine Joseph Wiertz : P\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00fd poh\u0159eb (1854)<\/em><\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) Tafefobie. Wikipedia. Internet: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tafefobie<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Patologick\u00fd strach z toho, \u017ee bude \u010dlov\u011bk poh\u0159ben za\u017eiva \u2013 tafefobie (1) \u2013 se objevuje dodnes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1150,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,8],"tags":[19],"class_list":["post-1146","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-souvislosti","category-veda","tag-smrt"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1146","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1146"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1146\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1151,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1146\/revisions\/1151"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1150"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1146"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1146"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1146"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}