{"id":1241,"date":"2023-12-25T00:07:13","date_gmt":"2023-12-24T23:07:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=1241"},"modified":"2024-01-10T00:15:43","modified_gmt":"2024-01-09T23:15:43","slug":"lekari-stareho-sumeru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/12\/25\/lekari-stareho-sumeru\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e9ka\u0159i star\u00e9ho Sumeru"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm velk\u00e9 kl\u00ednopisn\u00e9 knihovny z nippursk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu, kter\u00e1 je ulo\u017eena ve Filadelfii se zab\u00fdval po l\u00e9ta i americk\u00fd sumerolog <em>Samuel Kramer.<\/em><\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i sv\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed narazil na kl\u00ednopisnou tabulku 16 cm vysokou a 9,5 cm \u0161irokou, kter\u00e1 se uk\u00e1zala b\u00fdt sb\u00edrkou receptu n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00edho sumersk\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159e. Byly na n\u00ed vyjmenov\u00e1ny nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 rostliny i l\u00e1tky nerostn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu jako nap\u0159\u00edklad s\u016fl, louh, ledek. Kupodivu zde chyb\u011bla nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zakl\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di magick\u00e1 slova, kter\u00e1 v t\u00e9 dob\u011b byla nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ob\u0159adu, je\u017e se naz\u00fdval l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Medic\u00edna, tak jako i um\u011bn\u00ed a v\u011bda byla odvozov\u00e1na od boh\u016f. Existovali nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bohov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed byli v\u0161eobecn\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1ni &#8211; nap\u0159\u00edklad patron a praotec v\u0161ech l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f Eo, p\u00e1n vodn\u00edch hlubin, b\u016fh moudrosti a v\u011b\u0161teb. Krom\u011b nich m\u011blo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u011bsto i sv\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho, m\u00edstn\u00edho boha, kter\u00fd dohl\u00ed\u017eel na to, aby l\u00e9ka\u0159 svou pr\u00e1ci poctiv\u011b \u010dinil a zlo nep\u016fsobil.<\/p>\n<p>Takov\u00fdm bohem byl prvorozen\u00fd syn E\u016fv Marduk, b\u016fh p\u016fvodn\u011b mal\u00e9ho, provin\u010dn\u00edho m\u011bsta Babylonu. Jeho sl\u00e1va a kult rostly \u00fam\u011brn\u011b s rozvojem m\u011bsta tak, \u017ee \u010dasem zast\u00ednil i sv\u00e9ho otce. Dal\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi bohy byl b\u016fh v\u00e1lky a lovu Ninib, jen\u017e mohl \u010dlov\u011bka zbavit kletby a nemoc\u00ed, a jeho man\u017eelka Gula, kter\u00e1 \u00bbdotykem sv\u00fdch \u010dist\u00fdch rukou k\u0159\u00edsila mrtv\u00e9\u00ab.<\/p>\n<p>Jejich v\u00fdznam byl tak velk\u00fd, \u017de ka\u017ed\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 t\u00e9 doby zahajoval vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a l\u00e9\u010dbu za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00edm, kter\u00e9 za\u010d\u00ednalo: \u00bbM\u00fdm bohem je Ninib a mou bohyn\u00ed Gulat.&#8220;<\/p>\n<p><strong>U\u010cILI SE OD OTC\u016e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nechme boh\u016fm jejich sl\u00e1vu a z\u00e1sluhy a pod\u00edvejme se na jejich z\u00e1stupce na zemi &#8211; l\u00e9ka\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p>Ti museli b\u00fdti v\u017edy hladce oholeni a nosit t\u011bsn\u011b padnouc\u00ed od\u011bv, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd na prvn\u00ed pohled vid\u011bl, s k\u00fdm m\u00e1 tu \u010dest. Nosili vak s l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdmi rostlinami a r\u016fzn\u00fdmi l\u00e9ky, d\u017eb\u00e1n na ob\u011btn\u00ed n\u00e1poj a kadidelnici. Sv\u00e9 slu\u017eby nab\u00edzeli ve\u0159ejn\u011b na ulic\u00edch vychvalov\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00fdch jedine\u010dn\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Byli v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b vzd\u011blan\u00fdmi \u0159emesln\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed se obvykle u\u010dili od sv\u00fdch otc\u016f. Toto z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed si posl\u00e9ze roz\u0161i\u0159ovali ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch p\u0159i chr\u00e1mech, kde se l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed vyu\u010dovalo jako jin\u00fdm obor\u016fm v\u00e9dy a um\u011bn\u00ed. D\u00e1 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee zde dos\u00e1hli i kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e9ho vysv\u011bcen\u00ed. D\u011blili se na t\u0159i skupiny:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>B\u00e1ru vykl\u00e1dal podle nebesk\u00fdch znamen\u00ed, odkud se nemoc vzala, jak j\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dit a jak l\u00e9\u010dba dopadne.<\/li>\n<li>A\u0161ip\u00fa, neboli za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1va\u010d, vyh\u00e1n\u011b\u010d zl\u00fdch duch\u016f vypuzoval z nemocn\u00e9ho d\u00e9mony a staral se o usm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pacienta s jeho bohy.<\/li>\n<li>As\u00fa byl l\u00e9ka\u0159em v dne\u0161n\u00edm smyslu slova. L\u00e9\u010dil l\u00e9ky, za\u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm, vodou a opera\u010dn\u00edm no\u017eem.<\/li>\n<li>K pomocn\u00edk\u016fm l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f pat\u0159ili masti\u010dk\u00e1\u0159i a brad\u00fd\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed mj. trhali zuby a vypalovali zna\u010dky otrok\u016fm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>MEZOPOTAMSK\u00dd L\u00c9KOPIS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Z kl\u00ednov\u00fdch tabulek, kter\u00e9 se poda\u0159ilo rozlu\u0161tit, se v\u011bdci dozv\u011bd\u011bli i to, \u017ee v tehdej\u0161\u00edm l\u00e9kopise bylo uvedeno na 250 rostlin, na 120 nerostn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a je\u0161t\u011b asi 180 dal\u0161\u00edch polo\u017eek, kter\u00e9 se zat\u00edm vylu\u0161tit nepoda\u0159ilo. U\u017e\u00edvaly se semena, prysky\u0159ice, ko\u0159\u00ednky a ko\u0159eny, v\u011btvi\u010dky, d\u0159evo, k\u016fra, oleje a vodn\u00ed extrakty. A je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed ingredience, kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1m mohou zd\u00e1t v\u00edce ne\u017e podivn\u00e9. Rozemlet\u00fd \u017eelv\u00ed krun\u00fd\u0159, kravsk\u00e9 vemeno pat\u0159\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b k t\u011bm p\u0159ijateln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, co si ale pomyslet t\u0159eba o receptu, v n\u011bm\u017e se sm\u00edsila cikorka se zelenou \u017e\u00e1bou, ko\u0159enem dev\u011btsilu, prstem \u010dern\u00e9ho psa a potem lidsk\u00fdch nohou ?<\/p>\n<p>M\u00fdlil by se ale ten, kdo by tehdej\u0161\u00ed medic\u00ednu pova\u017eoval za zcela primitivn\u00ed a zalo\u017eenou na magick\u00e9m &#8222;V\u011b\u0159 a v\u00edra tv\u00e1 t\u011b uzdrav\u00ed!* Mnoh\u00e9 z toho, co tehdej\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i sv\u00fdm pacient\u016fm p\u0159edepisovali (l\u00e9\u010divky, drogy, vodol\u00e9\u010dbu), s \u00fasp\u011bchem pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i dne\u0161n\u00ed medic\u00edna.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm velk\u00e9 kl\u00ednopisn\u00e9 knihovny z nippursk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu, kter\u00e1 je ulo\u017eena ve Filadelfii se zab\u00fdval po l\u00e9ta i americk\u00fd sumerolog Samuel<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1242,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,5,12],"tags":[52,51],"class_list":["post-1241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nazory","category-souvislosti","category-zdravi-2","tag-historie","tag-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1241"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1243,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1241\/revisions\/1243"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1242"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}