{"id":135,"date":"2023-03-03T00:38:56","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T23:38:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=135"},"modified":"2024-01-26T02:18:32","modified_gmt":"2024-01-26T01:18:32","slug":"zahada-fantomove-bolesti-vyresena","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/03\/03\/zahada-fantomove-bolesti-vyresena\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1hada fantomov\u00e9 bolesti vy\u0159e\u0161ena"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fantomov\u00e1 bolest b\u00fdv\u00e1 v alternativn\u00edch kruz\u00edch pova\u017eov\u00e1na za d\u016fkaz existence aury a nebo nehmotn\u00fdch vazeb, p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00edch hranice lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u011bdci v\u0161ak na\u0161li l\u00e1tku, kter\u00e1 zp\u016fsobuje tuto a jin\u00e9 bolestiv\u00e9 pocity, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed bez zjevn\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n

Nehled\u011b na utrpen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bolest zp\u016fsobuje, nen\u00ed pochyb, \u017ee bolest je p\u0159\u00edtel a ochr\u00e1nce \u017eiv\u00fdch bytost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Varuje n\u00e1s p\u0159ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm, kdy\u017e si pop\u00e1l\u00edme ruku p\u0159i letm\u00e9m doyku s n\u011b\u010d\u00edm hork\u00fdm, nebo pod\u00e1v\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vy p\u0159ed v\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm po\u0161kozen\u00edm vnit\u0159n\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f.<\/p>\n

Bolest byla tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, \u017ee proces evoluce vyvinul zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed receptory, kter\u00e9 reaguj\u00ed pouze na probl\u00e9my ur\u010dit\u00e9ho druhu. Bohu\u017eel, n\u011bkdy se mechanismus pro p\u0159evod bolesti po\u0161kod\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Analgezie, tolerance k bolesti, je v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed. Bolest je jedna z nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f v\u011bt\u0161inu nemoc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e1 i opa\u010dn\u00e1 situace – siln\u00e1 bolest bez zjevn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny.<\/p>\n

Poprv\u00e9 byl tzv. syndrom fantomov\u00e9 bolesti pops\u00e1n v polovin\u011b 16. stolet\u00ed Ambroisem Par\u00e9 a dodnes jeho z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mechanismus nebyl zcela objasn\u011bn.<\/p>\n

Bolest je sama o sob\u011b utrpen\u00edm, ale tuto situaci je\u0161t\u011b zhor\u0161uje skute\u010dnost, \u017ee nen\u00ed zn\u00e1ma jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina a tak se ned\u00e1 pacientovi p\u0159isp\u011bt k uleh\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Fantomovou bolest\u00ed trp\u00ed \u010dasto lid\u00e9 po amputac\u00ed: u\u0159\u00edzl\u00e1 ruka nebo noha bol\u00ed st\u00e1le, jako by st\u00e1le existovala. Bolest pak p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 i po zhojen\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

To sam\u00e9 utrpen\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme sledovat u n\u011bkter\u00fdch lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eili mrtvici, u nemocn\u00fdch cukrovkou a u mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159es jeho „iluzornost“, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt bolest tak siln\u00e1, \u017ee trp\u00edc\u00ed lid\u00e9 u\u017e necht\u011bj\u00ed ani \u017e\u00edt.<\/p>\n

Pro vznik intenzivn\u00ed fantomov\u00e9 bolesti je spou\u0161t\u011bc\u00edm mechanismem ur\u010dit\u00e1 ohrani\u010den\u00e1 oblast t\u011bla pacienta. Takovou z\u00f3nou m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kousek k\u016f\u017ee na zdrav\u00e9 stran\u011b t\u011bla nebo na dochovan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti amputovan\u00e9 kon\u010detiny. Tento stav m\u016f\u017ee trvat m\u011bs\u00edce i roky. Analgetika jsou proti fantomov\u00e9 bolesti prakticky bezmocn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Mnoh\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00e9 metody l\u00e9\u010dby nemaj\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek. Podle statistik jen 15 procent pacient\u016f se zcela zbavilo sv\u00e9 tajemn\u00e9 nemoci. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyvinout \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd prost\u0159edek l\u00e9\u010dby, ne nejprve nutn\u00e9 naj\u00edt p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu fantomov\u00e9 bolesti.<\/p>\n

Hypot\u00e9za, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobena po\u0161kozen\u00edm nervov\u00fdch drah, kter\u00e9 p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bly bolest, se dr\u017eela dlouho.<\/p>\n

Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku l\u00e9ka\u0159i p\u0159edlo\u017eili hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee vin\u00edkem fantomov\u00e9 bolesti jsou p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00e1 nervov\u00e1 zakon\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 z\u016fstanou v pah\u00fdlu po amputaci a jsou zdu\u0159en\u00e1. Dr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto neurom\u016f se projevuje pr\u00e1v\u011b fantomov\u00fdmi pocity.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, ani chirurgick\u00e1 odstran\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto zdu\u0159en\u00fdch zakon\u010den\u00ed nezbavilo pacienta bolesti.<\/p>\n

Pot\u00e9 v\u011bdci p\u0159edlo\u017eili jinou hypot\u00e9zu: zdrojem bolesti jsou nervy vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo z m\u00edchy. V\u00fdsledky experiment\u016f to v\u0161ak nepotvrdily.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se v\u011bt\u0161ina v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f dohodla na teorii postupn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje fantomov\u00e9 bolesti. Jedn\u00e1 se o postupn\u00e9 utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed bolestiv\u00e9ho ohniska v hlub\u0161\u00edch struktur\u00e1ch mozku. V\u011bdci naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed tento typ neuropatickou bolest\u00ed. Bolav\u00e9 neurony se, podle jejich n\u00e1zoru, „nemohou uklidnit“, vys\u00edlaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly do mozku, i p\u0159i nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti zran\u011bn\u00ed nebo z\u00e1n\u011btu.<\/p>\n

Biologov\u00e9 z americk\u00e9ho Scripps Research Institute (1) objevili l\u00e1tku u zv\u00ed\u0159at, kter\u00e1 by mohla b\u00fdt zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za tuto bolest.<\/p>\n

Je to dimethyl sphingosin \u2013 st\u0159edn\u00ed produkt synt\u00e9zy a rozd\u011blen\u00ed membr\u00e1nov\u00fdch fosfolipid\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jak napsali v\u011bdci v \u010dasopise Nature Chemical Biology, v pr\u016fb\u011bhu experimentu vyvolali neuropatick\u00e9 bolesti u jedn\u00e9 skupiny potkan\u016f. Kdy\u017e pak srovnali slo\u017een\u00ed krevn\u00ed plazmy a mozkom\u00ed\u0161n\u00edho moku u potkan\u016f v kontroln\u00ed skupin\u011b, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou bolest nem\u011bli, byla tato l\u00e1tka nalezena.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edchoz\u00ed studie se zam\u011b\u0159ovaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na \u010dinnost gen\u016f a protein\u016f. Tentokr\u00e1t v\u011bdci m\u011bli n\u00e1pad v\u011bnovat pozornost metabolit\u016fm – pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fdm a kone\u010dn\u00fdm produkt\u016fm biochemick\u00fdch reakc\u00ed. Kupodivu, v krevn\u00ed plazm\u011b, om\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed ohnisko bolesti, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly u sledovan\u00fdch subjekt\u016f a u kontroln\u00ed skupiny potkan\u016f nebyly nalezeny.<\/p>\n

Ale v zadn\u00edch roz\u00edch m\u00edchy u potkan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed trp\u011bli neuropatickou bolest\u00ed, v\u011bdci objevili dosud nezn\u00e1mou l\u00e1tku, kter\u00fd nazvali N, N-dimethyl sphingozin.<\/p>\n

Tento metabolit m\u00e1 souvislost s reakc\u00ed synt\u00e9zy a \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed fosfolipid\u016f sphingomyelinu, sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch membr\u00e1n, stejn\u011b jako jeho p\u0159edch\u016fdci ceramidy.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci jsou si jisti, \u017ee tato l\u00e1tka je zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za bolesti bez zjevn\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n

To potvrzuje i dal\u0161\u00ed fakt: u norm\u00e1ln\u00edch potkan\u016f injekce i mal\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed dimethylsphingosinu vyvolal zn\u00e1mky neuropatick\u00e9 bolesti.<\/p>\n

L\u00e9ka\u0159i se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee objeven\u00e1 l\u00e1tka se pod\u00edl\u00ed na v\u0161ech bolestiv\u00fdch reakc\u00edch – ale jen v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b neuropatick\u00e9 bolesti je jeho p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou.<\/p>\n

Pokud je jejich odhad spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, mo\u017en\u00e1 v bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti bude kone\u010dn\u011b existovat univers\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e9k, kter\u00fd pom\u016f\u017ee v\u0161em pacient\u016fm s fantomov\u00fdmi bolestmi.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) http:\/\/www.scripps.edu\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\u010ct\u011bte v\u00edce:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Rokyta, R.: Fantomov\u00e1 bolest. Vesm\u00edr 79, 490, 2000\/9, http:\/\/www.vesmir.cz\/clanek\/fantomova-bolest<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fantomov\u00e1 bolest b\u00fdv\u00e1 v alternativn\u00edch kruz\u00edch pova\u017eov\u00e1na za d\u016fkaz existence aury a nebo nehmotn\u00fdch vazeb, p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00edch hranice lidsk\u00e9ho t\u011bla.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":256,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,8,12],"tags":[36,17],"class_list":["post-135","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-souvislosti","category-veda","category-zdravi-2","tag-bolest","tag-nemoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=135"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":136,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135\/revisions\/136"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/256"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=135"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=135"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=135"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}