{"id":1403,"date":"2024-05-10T00:22:37","date_gmt":"2024-05-09T22:22:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=1403"},"modified":"2024-06-11T01:46:52","modified_gmt":"2024-06-10T23:46:52","slug":"memy-kontra-geny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2024\/05\/10\/memy-kontra-geny\/","title":{"rendered":"Memy kontra geny?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Kolik se toho denn\u011b dov\u00edd\u00e1me o genech!<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Genotyp \u010dlov\u011bka, klonov\u00e1n\u00ed, geneticky upraven\u00e9 potraviny, geneticky podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 nemoci\u2026 A p\u0159itom je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika des\u00edtkami let byla genetika prakticky nezn\u00e1m\u00fdm oborem. Vedle gen\u016f se dnes pom\u011brn\u011b d\u016frazn\u011b stav\u00ed dosud nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 memy. Zat\u00edmco geny jsou nositeli genetick\u00fdch informac\u00ed, memy jsou definov\u00e1ny jako nositel\u00e9 pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch informac\u00ed. Klasick\u00e1 Darwinova teorie o p\u0159irozen\u00e9m v\u00fdb\u011bru se tak dopl\u0148uje o dal\u0161\u00ed, zjevn\u011b stejn\u011b v\u00fdznamnou memovou slo\u017eku. A stejn\u011b jako m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk jist\u00e9 geny, tak m\u00e1 i memy. I vy je m\u00e1te. Jenom jste to mo\u017en\u00e1 dosud nev\u011bd\u011bli.<\/p>\n<p>S teori\u00ed mem\u016f p\u0159i\u0161el v roce 1976 anglick\u00fd v\u011bdec Richard Dawkins z oxfordsk\u00e9 univerzity, kdy\u017e vydal knihu Sobeck\u00fd gen. Do\u0161el v n\u00ed k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 geny nemohou vysv\u011btlit evoluci \u010dlov\u011bka a zejm\u00e9na d\u016fvod, kter\u00fd ho vyd\u011bluje z \u0159\u00ed\u0161e zv\u00ed\u0159at. Mus\u00ed zde b\u00fdt je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho. A to \u201en\u011bco jin\u00e9ho\u201c pojmenoval memy, pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 informace \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed se od jednoho nositele k druh\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<p>Takov\u00fdch mem\u016f je obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed a lid\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasu tr\u00e1v\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee si p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed a \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed memy. Typick\u00fdm memem je t\u0159eba pozdrav. Ale tak\u00e9 sem pat\u0159\u00ed v\u0161echny jazyky a slovesn\u00e1 tvo\u0159ivost v\u016fbec, tance a r\u016fzn\u00e9 ob\u0159ady v\u010detn\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch i t\u0159eba soudn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a demokracie. Prost\u011b v\u0161echny opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 informace, kter\u00e9 sv\u00fdm nositel\u016fm p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00fd u\u017eitek. Proto\u017ee pokud mu takov\u00fd u\u017eitek nep\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely, zanikly. Stejn\u011b jako neu\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 geny.<\/p>\n<p>Velmi n\u00e1zornou uk\u00e1zkou memu, a to dosti agresivn\u00edho, je dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzov\u00fd dopis. Jeho nositeli jsou lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jej neust\u00e1le kop\u00edruj\u00ed, tedy replikuj\u00ed, a \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed d\u00e1l. \u010cin\u00ed tak, proto\u017ee to pova\u017euj\u00ed za u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9. Maj\u00ed nad\u011bji z\u00edskat n\u011bjak\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos (mo\u017en\u00e1 si je\u0161t\u011b vzpomenete na pohlednicov\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzy sv\u00e9ho d\u011btstv\u00ed) nebo si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee se vyhnou n\u011bjak\u00e9mu ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed (nerozmno\u017eil dopis, p\u0159ejelo ho auto). Mnohem nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed variantou tohoto memu jsou neblaze proslul\u00e9 hry \u2013 letadla. Jin\u00e9 memy, jako t\u0159eba tanec, symfonie nebo rockov\u00fd koncert, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed pouze a jenom pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed. Z hlediska evoluce \u010dlov\u011bka jsou naprosto zbyte\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Anebo ne?<\/p>\n<p>Lidsk\u00fd mozek, \u0159ekn\u011bme hardware, se v jist\u00e9m okam\u017eiku evoluce, snad p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed p\u016fl milionem let, \u010dlov\u011bka, za\u010dal vyv\u00edjet tak, aby pojal ve\u0161ker\u00fd mo\u017en\u00fd software, \u010dili memy, kter\u00e9 pova\u017eoval za u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9. A to bez ohledu na to, zda skute\u010dn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 byly (a jsou). V t\u00e9to chv\u00edli jsme se za\u010dali li\u0161it od zv\u00ed\u0159at. Obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed softwaru si \u017e\u00e1dalo v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hardware, tedy v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mozek. V\u00fdsledkem je to, \u017ee dnes je mozek v pom\u011bru k velikosti t\u011bla t\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u na\u0161ich nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u201ep\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch\u201c, velk\u00fdch opic. Mozek a tud\u00ed\u017e i hlavi\u010dka novorozen\u011bte jsou dnes u\u017e tak velk\u00e9, \u017ee mohou fat\u00e1ln\u011b zkomplikovat jeho porod. P\u016fvodn\u00ed vymo\u017eenost, schopnost uchov\u00e1vat nesm\u00edrn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed mem\u016f, se tak obr\u00e1tila proti \u010dlov\u011bku. Ov\u0161em a\u017e pot\u00e9, co se stal nejdokonalej\u0161\u00edm \u201e\u017eivo\u010dichem\u201c na Zemi. Nejenom d\u00edky gen\u016fm, ale tak\u00e9 kv\u016fli sv\u00fdm mem\u016fm. Tak to alespo\u0148 tvrd\u00ed memetici, nap\u0159\u00edklad anglick\u00e1 psycholo\u017eka Susan Blackmoreov\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Nov\u00fd v\u011bdeck\u00fd obor, memetika, kter\u00e9mu je teprve sotva \u010dtvrt stolet\u00ed, m\u00e1 stejn\u011b tolik nad\u0161en\u00fdch zast\u00e1nc\u016f jako kritik\u016f. Ani s pomoc\u00ed mem\u016f toti\u017e nelze vysv\u011btlit, pro\u010d se pr\u00e1v\u011b \u010dlov\u011bku dostalo t\u00e9 v\u00fdsady, \u017ee memy a jejich opakov\u00e1n\u00ed nastartovaly tak p\u0159evratn\u00e9 zm\u011bny v jeho mozku, kter\u00e9 ho vyvedly z \u0159\u00ed\u0161e zv\u00ed\u0159at. A pro\u010d jin\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 tak\u00e9 opakuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9 postupy, u\u010d\u00ed se jim a navz\u00e1jem se komplikovan\u011b dorozum\u00edvaj\u00ed, jako t\u0159eba \u0161impanzi nebo delf\u00edni, z\u016fstala na p\u016fl cesty.<\/p>\n<p>Jedna v\u011bc je v\u0161ak jist\u00e1. Bez mem\u016f by nebylo \u010dlov\u011bka a nebylo by civilizace. Nakonec po n\u00e1s mo\u017en\u00e1 z\u016fstanou jenom ty memy. Zat\u00edmco se genotyp ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z n\u00e1s tady na Zemi jednou rozpadne v prach, na\u0161e memy v podob\u011b radiov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f, t\u0159eba televizn\u00edch, let\u00ed rychlost\u00ed sv\u011btla do okoln\u00edho vesm\u00edru. Jestli\u017ee tedy bylo evolu\u010dn\u00edm c\u00edlem mem\u016f \u0161\u00ed\u0159it se co nejd\u00e1l, potom tohoto c\u00edle, prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho nositele, tedy \u010dlov\u011bka, bez pochyby dos\u00e1hly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Jitka Lenkov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>(Pozn. \u010cl\u00e1nek vy\u0161el v Neviditeln\u00e9m psovi, sekce Univerzum)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kolik se toho denn\u011b dov\u00edd\u00e1me o genech!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1021,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[51],"class_list":["post-1403","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nazory","tag-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1403","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1403"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1403\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1404,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1403\/revisions\/1404"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1403"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1403"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1403"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}