{"id":1434,"date":"2025-01-10T00:51:04","date_gmt":"2025-01-09T23:51:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=1434"},"modified":"2025-09-15T02:16:24","modified_gmt":"2025-09-15T00:16:24","slug":"placebo-efekt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2025\/01\/10\/placebo-efekt\/","title":{"rendered":"Placebo efekt"},"content":{"rendered":"

O \u00fa\u010dinku placeba se poprv\u00e9 za\u010dalo hovo\u0159it v XVIII. stolet\u00ed, kdy\u017e se n\u011bmeck\u00fdm l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016fm poda\u0159ilo vyl\u00e9\u010dit tuberkul\u00f3zy u pacient\u016f u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch aspirin.<\/strong>
\nL\u00e9ka\u0159i jej dali pacient\u016fm s t\u00edm, \u017ee jde o nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a vysoce \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd prost\u0159edek.<\/p>\n

Od t\u011bch dob je placebo spojeno s autosugesc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ale v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b v\u011bdci p\u0159edlo\u017eili d\u016fkazy, \u017ee placebo efekt nesouvis\u00ed s v\u011bdom\u00fdm uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00edm.<\/p>\n

V jedn\u00e9 z n\u011bmeck\u00fdch klinik v XVIII. stolet\u00ed bylo nemocn\u00fdm s TBC v pr\u016fb\u011bhu m\u011bs\u00edce \u0159e\u010deno, \u017ee byl objeven senza\u010dn\u00ed l\u00e9k na jejich neduhy, kter\u00fd zp\u016fsobuje vyl\u00e9\u010den\u00ed mnohem l\u00e9pe, ne\u017e jak\u00e9koliv sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 l\u00e9ky.<\/p>\n

L\u00e9ka\u0159i o tom vypr\u00e1v\u011bli ka\u017ed\u00fd den, barvit\u011b popisuj\u00edc\u00ed vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161ance pro obnovu. L\u00e9k, \u0159ekli, bude k dispozici za m\u011bs\u00edc. A po 30 dnech nemocn\u00fdm ozn\u00e1mili, \u017ee z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd l\u00e9k ka\u017edou chv\u00edli p\u0159ijde.<\/p>\n

Nakonec byl „nov\u00fd l\u00e9k“ p\u0159inesen na kliniku. Tablety rozdali, a v\u0161ichni pacienti po\u017eili z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd l\u00e9k, kter\u00fd m\u011bl opravdu v\u00fdrazn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek: 80 procent pacient\u016f se uzdravilo.<\/p>\n

Jen mal\u00e9 vyjasn\u011bn\u00ed – „nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a dokonal\u00fd prepar\u00e1t“ byl ve skute\u010dnosti oby\u010dejn\u00fd aspirin, kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv na pr\u016fb\u011bh takov\u00e9ho z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9ho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, jako je tuberkul\u00f3za.<\/p>\n

Tento jev, tzv. placebo efekt, l\u00e9ka\u0159i popsali takto: placebo (z lat. placere \u2013 l\u00edbit se.) \u2013 je chemicky inertn\u00ed materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 vlastnosti, ale m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00fd l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek na pacienta.<\/p>\n

Placebo efekt byl a\u017e do ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 doby spojov\u00e1n s autosugesce jako\u017eto autotr\u00e9nink.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo se, \u017ee lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed se zlep\u0161\u00ed d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk uv\u011b\u0159il v \u00fa\u010dinnost n\u011bkter\u00e9ho prepar\u00e1tu nebo procedury, ale je ve skute\u010dn\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Od st\u0159edov\u011bku bylo zn\u00e1mo hrozn\u00e9 mu\u010den\u00ed a dokonce i tresty, b\u011bhem n\u00ed\u017e dan\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku nebyly zp\u016fsobeny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u0161kody.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad, v\u011bzni se zav\u00e1zan\u00fdma o\u010dima bylo \u0159e\u010deno, \u017ee te\u010f mu bude pod\u0159\u00edzuto hrdlo (pro\u0159\u00edznuty \u017e\u00edly).<\/p>\n

Mezit\u00edm kat dr\u017eel ostr\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt na ur\u010den\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, a jeho pomocn\u00edci lili na ruce nebo krk ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00edka teplou vodu, aby si myslel, \u017ee krv\u00e1c\u00ed. Je to neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9, ale lid\u00e9 na to um\u00edrali! P\u0159esn\u011b tak, jako kdyby um\u00edrali p\u0159i vykrv\u00e1cen\u00ed. Tento \u0161kodliv\u00fd efekt pozd\u011bji nazvali nocebo.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, docela ned\u00e1vno v\u011bdci na\u0161li d\u016fkaz „autosugesce“ placebo a nocebo \u00fa\u010dink\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd t\u00fdm z Massachusetts General Hospital ve spojen\u00ed s odborn\u00edky z Harvard Medical School prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee placebo efekt je zalo\u017een na nev\u011bdom\u00e9 \u010dinnosti mozku.<\/p>\n

Jejich \u010dl\u00e1nek „Nev\u011bdom\u00e1 aktivace placebo a nocebo reakc\u00ed na bolest“ (Nonconscious activation of placebo and nocebo pain responses) byla ned\u00e1vno publikov\u00e1na v \u010dasopise PNAS.<\/p>\n

Mozek p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, jak\u00fd bude m\u00edt vliv na n\u00e1s ten \u010di onen l\u00e9k, je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e informace o tomto l\u00e9ku bude n\u00e1mi pochopena, tvrd\u00ed v\u011bdci.<\/p>\n

Klinick\u00e9 a laboratorn\u00ed praxe doposud nashrom\u00e1\u017edila mnoho fakt\u016f, kter\u00e9 vrhaj\u00ed pochybnosti na v\u011bdomou povahu placebo a nocebo efektu.<\/p>\n

Mnoho p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nazna\u010duje, \u017ee se mohou vyskytnout nev\u011bdom\u00e1 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch nebo verb\u00e1ln\u00edch podn\u011bt\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u010casto doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed nebo zhor\u0161en\u00ed zdrav\u00ed pacient\u016f, kter\u00e9 jakoby vznik\u00e1 automaticky, bez v\u011bdom\u00e9ho p\u0159ijet\u00ed my\u0161lenky, \u017ee l\u00e9k nebo postup mus\u00ed m\u00edt n\u011bjak\u00fd dopad.<\/p>\n

V t\u011bchto situac\u00edch tomografie uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed podn\u011bty jsou zpracov\u00e1ny v mozku t\u011bchto lid\u00ed na ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159edv\u011bdom\u00e9 \u00farovni v tzv. \u017e\u00edhan\u00e9m j\u00e1dru (striatum), tedy v hlubok\u00e9 oblasti \u0161ed\u00e9 hmoty uvnit\u0159 hemisf\u00e9r koncov\u00e9ho mozku. kter\u00e9 je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00edch baz\u00e1ln\u00edch jader hemisf\u00e9r a tak\u00e9 v subkortik\u00e1ln\u00ed amygdale.<\/p>\n

Experimenty prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 autory studie potvrdily hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee mozek „rozhoduje“ o \u00fa\u010dinc\u00edch toho \u010di onoho l\u00e9ku nev\u011bdom\u011b – je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e pe\u010dliv\u011b analyzuje informaci o n\u011bm.<\/p>\n

Na experimentech se pod\u00edlelo 40 zdrav\u00fdch dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f – 24 \u017een a 16 mu\u017e\u016f. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd v\u011bk pacient\u016f byl 23 let.<\/p>\n

V prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi experimentu k ruce ka\u017ed\u00e9ho subjektu p\u0159ipojili topn\u00e9 t\u011bl\u00edsko, kter\u00e9 generovalo dobrovoln\u00edk\u016fm sign\u00e1ly bolesti r\u016fzn\u00e9 intenzity.<\/p>\n

\u00da\u010dastn\u00edci byli po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1ni, aby ohodnotili intenzitu sv\u00e9 bolesti na 100-bodov\u00e9 stupnici, p\u0159i prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na obrazovce fotky lid\u00ed, v nich\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli na tv\u00e1\u0159i v\u00fdraz slab\u00e9 a jin\u00ed silnou bolest.<\/p>\n

\u00da\u010dastn\u00edci experimentu nev\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee teplota topn\u00e9ho t\u011bl\u00edska b\u011bhem cel\u00e9ho experimentu z\u016fstala beze zm\u011bny.<\/p>\n

Nehled\u011b na to, \u017ee tepeln\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed na poko\u017ece bylo stejn\u00e9, \u00farove\u0148 jejich bolesti siln\u011b korelovalo s obr\u00e1zky na fotografi\u00edch, tedy z\u00e1visela od asociativn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu, vyvolan\u00e9ho obrazem „siln\u00e9“ nebo „slab\u00e9“ bolesti.<\/p>\n

Bolestn\u00e9 pocity (p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me, \u017ee ve skute\u010dnosti byly st\u00e1le absolutn\u011b stejn\u00e9), byly hodnoceny v pr\u016fm\u011bru na 19 bod\u016f, kdy\u017e vid\u011bli \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd m\u011bl na tv\u00e1\u0159i m\u00edrnou bolest (placebo efekt), a na 53 bod\u016f, kdy\u017e vid\u011bli tv\u00e1\u0159, siln\u011b zk\u0159ivenou bolest\u00ed (nocebo efekt).<\/p>\n

V druh\u00e9 f\u00e1zi byl experiment opakov\u00e1n s jedinou zm\u011bnou: fotografie lid\u00ed p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch bolesti r\u016fzn\u00e9 intenzity, byly dobrovoln\u00edk\u016fm ukazov\u00e1ny pouze 12 milisekund, tj. v stroboskopick\u00e9m re\u017eimu, neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed identifikovat, a u\u017e v\u016fbec nikoli analyzovat v\u00fdraz.<\/p>\n

A op\u011bt mohli v\u011bdci pozorovat z\u0159eteln\u00fd vliv placeba nebo noceba, i kdy\u017e m\u00edrn\u011b slab\u0161\u00ed, ale t\u00edm nem\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00da\u010dastn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed nebyli schopni poznat v\u00fdraz na fotografi\u00edch, blikaj\u00edc\u00edch na obrazovce, hodnotili svou bolest v pr\u016fm\u011bru na 25 bod\u016f, kdy\u017e ve stroboskopick\u00e9m re\u017eimu zablikal obraz mu\u017ee s malou bolest\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159i a 44 body v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b siln\u00e9 bolesti v tv\u00e1\u0159i.<\/p>\n

Ukazuje se, \u017ee mechanismus placeba a nocebo efektu funguje nez\u00e1visle od v\u011bdom\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n

„To je automatick\u00fd a nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed proces ne\u017e jen v\u00edra a v\u011bdom\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, mechanismus, kter\u00fd reguluje na\u0161e reakce a chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nem\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee za pou\u017eit\u00ed tohoto experiment\u00e1ln\u00edho modelu, m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159i kombinaci s funk\u010dn\u00ed magnetickou rezonanc\u00ed mapovat mozek, a tak d\u00e1le zkoumat placebo efekt,“ \u0159ekl jeden z autor\u016f stati Kong Jian.<\/p>\n

Na podporu jejich z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f \u2013 v\u011bdci ned\u00e1vno obdr\u017eeli informace od biologa Petera Trimera z University v Bristolu. Podle slov Trimera, n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho na placebo efekt byl nalezen u mnoha zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad, u sibi\u0159sk\u00fdch k\u0159e\u010dk\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v klec\u00edch se sv\u011bteln\u00fdm modelov\u00e1n\u00edm zimn\u00edho a letn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, jejich imunita je mnohem hor\u0161\u00ed b\u011bhem „kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch sv\u011bteln\u00fdch dn\u016f“ a „dlouh\u00fdch zimn\u00edch noc\u00ed.“ Ale sta\u010dilo zm\u011bnit re\u017eim osv\u011btlen\u00ed a imunita zv\u00ed\u0159at za\u010dala fungovat mnohem v\u00edce.<\/p>\n

Odhalen\u00ed mechanismu \u00fa\u010dinku placeba, by mohli v\u011bdci vytvo\u0159it vysoce efektivn\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 nov\u00e9 generace l\u00e9k\u016f, jejich\u017e \u00fa\u010dinek by mohl b\u00fdt zalo\u017een na p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m vlivu na \u010dinnost r\u016fzn\u00fdch mechanism\u016f v t\u011ble, a na fungov\u00e1n\u00ed obran\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f v \u010dinnosti mozku.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O \u00fa\u010dinku placeba se poprv\u00e9 za\u010dalo hovo\u0159it v XVIII. stolet\u00ed, kdy\u017e se n\u011bmeck\u00fdm l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016fm poda\u0159ilo vyl\u00e9\u010dit tuberkul\u00f3zy u pacient\u016f u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":492,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,8,12],"tags":[60,51],"class_list":["post-1434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-souvislosti","category-veda","category-zdravi-2","tag-clovek","tag-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1434"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1435,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1434\/revisions\/1435"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/492"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}