{"id":274,"date":"2023-04-19T00:11:44","date_gmt":"2023-04-18T22:11:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=274"},"modified":"2023-08-20T04:21:20","modified_gmt":"2023-08-20T02:21:20","slug":"parapsychologie-veda-nebo-sarlatanstvi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/04\/19\/parapsychologie-veda-nebo-sarlatanstvi\/","title":{"rendered":"Parapsychologie – v\u011bda nebo \u0161arlat\u00e1nstv\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Para \u2014 (\u0159ecky) ve slo\u017een\u00fdch slovech zna\u010d\u00ed vedle, podle, mimo, krom\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Parapsychologie nen\u00ed v\u00edc ne\u017e iluze, kter\u00e1 nav\u00edc br\u00e1n\u00ed pokroku v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatk\u016f \u2014 takov\u00fd je n\u00e1zor v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00e9ho sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho v\u011bdce.\u00a0Zat\u00edm to nen\u00ed v\u011bda \u2014 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd \u010dlen Akademie pedagogick\u00fdch nauk SSSR, profesor A. N. Leont\u011bjev<\/strong><\/em> (1903-1979) (1). A dnes p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00edme podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st \u010dl\u00e1nku sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho \u010dasopisu N\u011bd\u011blja, kter\u00fd s\u00e1hl k nejp\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu argumentu. Otiskl sta\u0165 z americk\u00e9ho \u017eurn\u00e1lu Time, tedy ze zem\u011b, kde je parapsychologie nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00f3dou.<\/p>\n

A\u0165 u\u017e jsou \u00fasp\u011bchy sou\u010dasn\u00e9 v\u011bdy jakkoli velk\u00e9, p\u0159ece jen existuj\u00ed oblasti m\u00e1lo prozkouman\u00e9. U mnoh\u00fdch lid\u00ed st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b existuj\u00ed dohady o tom, \u017ee t\u0159eba n\u011bco je za p\u0159ed\u011blem v\u0161edn\u00edch dn\u016f, nebo za t\u00edm p\u0159ed\u011blem v \u017eivot\u011b nejkrut\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u2014 za smrt\u00ed. U\u017e se stalo mnoh\u00fdm lidem, \u017ee p\u0159i\u0161li n\u011bkam poprv\u00e9 a v\u0161e jim p\u0159ipadalo zn\u00e1m\u00e9, jako by tam byli u\u017e n\u011bkdy p\u0159edt\u00edm. Najednou za\u010dne\u0161 m\u00edt strach o osud bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtele a dostane\u0161 telegram s o\u0161klivou zpr\u00e1vou. Podobn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed mytologie star\u00e9ho \u0158ecka, biblick\u00e9 legendy, st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 kroniky i zkazky z v\u00fdchodn\u00edch zem\u00ed na des\u00edtky.<\/p>\n

Soudob\u00ed psychologov\u00e9 a fyziologov\u00e9 objasnili mnoh\u00e9, ale ne v\u0161e. Lidsk\u00fd mozek skr\u00fdv\u00e1 mnoh\u00e1 tajemstv\u00ed. Jeho mechanismy se vzp\u00edraj\u00ed objektivn\u00edm metod\u00e1m anal\u00fdzy. A proud zkazek o tajemn\u00fdch psychick\u00fdch jevech st\u00e1le nevysych\u00e1. Mezi badateli v tomto oboru jsou na Z\u00e1pad\u011b i v\u011bdci, ale i v\u011bt\u0161ina diletant\u016f. A formy, jimi\u017e projevuji z\u00e1jem, jsou velmi pestr\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad Arthur Koestler<\/strong><\/em> (2) sleduje v Lond\u00fdn\u011b parapsychologick\u00e9 jevy s entuziasmem fanatika. Ve sv\u00e9 knize \u201eN\u00e1m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dnost jako tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed akt“, publikuje \u0159adu p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f, kter\u00e9 se nedaj\u00ed objasnit klasickou teori\u00ed v\u011brohodnosti. Domn\u00edv\u00e1 se, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b v\u011bdc\u016f b\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch na tomto poli br\u00e1n\u00ed v objektivn\u00edm \u00fasudku jejich p\u0159edsudky a sv\u00e1zanost s materialistick\u00fdm a racion\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdkladem jev\u016f. Jen tehdy, dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed-li se v\u011bdci podle Koestlera zbavit tohoto balastu, mohou p\u0159ijmout nov\u00e9 kategorie my\u0161len\u00ed a naz\u00edrat nov\u011b na parapsychologick\u00e9 jevy.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed, o\u010d usilovali v Americe zast\u00e1nci t\u00e9to nov\u00e9 oblasti, bylo ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed parapsychologie jako v\u011bdy. Po dlouh\u00e9m \u00fasil\u00ed se poda\u0159ilo asociaci parapsycholog\u016f dostat form\u00e1ln\u00ed statut v\u011bdeck\u00e9 organizace a v roce 1969 ji prosadit do Americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti pro podporu v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho rozvoje (AAAS – American Association for the Advancement of Science)<\/em> (3)\u00a0 To je povzbudilo a okam\u017eit\u011b se to projevilo i v jejich \u017eargonu. Popul\u00e1rn\u00edmi se staly term\u00edny jako \u201eps\u00ed“ \u2014 ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed psychick\u00e9 jevy, \u201eproz\u0159en\u00ed“ ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed schopnost \u010dlov\u011bka p\u0159ij\u00edmat r\u016fzn\u00e1 poselstv\u00ed nebo rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f bez \u00fa\u010dasti na\u0161ich p\u011bti smysl\u016f, \u201enet\u011blesnost“ charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost pohybovat se v prostoru bez sv\u00e9 t\u011blesn\u00e9 schr\u00e1nky, \u201epsychokineze“, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e silou v\u016fle p\u016fsob\u00ed na p\u0159edm\u011bty bez n\u011bjak\u00e9ho materi\u00e1ln\u00edho zprost\u0159edkovatele, \u201ejasnovidectv\u00ed“ apod.<\/p>\n

Pro lidi p\u0159ivykl\u00e9 se vyjad\u0159ovat jasnou v\u011bdeckou terminologi\u00ed, je cel\u00fd sv\u011bt \u201epsy“, vyzdvihuj\u00edc\u00ed na prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto pouhou d\u016fv\u011bru a neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed seri\u00f3zn\u00ed d\u016fkazy, daleko m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00fd ne\u017e t\u0159eba Martin Gardner,<\/em> zn\u00e1m\u00fd populariz\u00e1tor v\u011bdy a specialista na matematick\u00e9 metody anal\u00fdzy. A ten tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee cel\u00fd rozruch kolem parapsychologie slou\u017e\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pseudov\u011bdc\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Daniel E. Cohen<\/strong><\/em> (4), b\u00fdval\u00fd sekret\u00e1\u0159 \u017eurn\u00e1lu Science Digest<\/em> a autor velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 knihy \u201eM\u00fdty dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed<\/em>“ \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee za desetilet\u00ed sv\u00e9 existence se nedostala parapsychologie ani o krok vp\u0159ed. Nepodala zat\u00edm ani jeden v\u011bdeck\u00fd d\u016fkaz o sv\u00fdch tvrzenfch, a to z\u0159ejm\u011b proto, \u017ee takov\u00fd v\u011bdeck\u00fd d\u016fkaz prost\u00e9 p\u0159edlo\u017eit nelze.<\/p>\n

Charles Reynolds<\/strong><\/em>, p\u0159edseda v\u00fdboru pro v\u00fdzkum psychologie p\u0159i Americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti pro pokusy (5) a redaktor jej\u00edho \u010dasopisu p\u00ed\u0161e s tvrdou p\u0159\u00edmo\u010darost\u00ed: \u201eKdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1me objektivn\u011b na v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkum\u016f parapsycholog\u016f, tak n\u00e1s a\u017e zabol\u00ed, jak jejich auto\u0159i v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v opravdovost, jsou slep\u011b odd\u00e1ni tomu, \u010demu\u017e na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edkali \u010dern\u00e1 magie.\u201c<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b nikdo nevzbudil u velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti publika takov\u00fd z\u00e1jem jako \u0161estadvacetilet\u00fd kejkl\u00ed\u0159 z jednoho izraelsk\u00e9ho hern\u00edho klubu \u2014 Uri Geller<\/em> <\/strong>(6). Stejn\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b p\u0159i sv\u00fdch vystoupen\u00edch demonstruje sv\u00e9 schopnosti v telepatii, psychokinetice a jasnovidectv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Korespondentovi lond\u00fdnsk\u00e9ho \u017eurn\u00e1lu Time odpov\u011bd\u011bl na z\u00e1v\u011br sv\u00e9ho anglick\u00e9ho pobytu: \u201eNenarodil jsem se proto, abych se potloukal cel\u00fd \u017eivot po laborato\u0159\u00edch. U\u017d tak jsem ob\u011btoval m\u00e1lem rok Stanfordsk\u00e9mu v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9mu \u00fastavu. Te\u010f jedu na turn\u00e9 do dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed a tam budou m\u00edt div\u00e1ci mo\u017enost se p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit o m\u00fdch schopnostech.“<\/p>\n

Je v\u0161ak zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee se Uriho talent nedok\u00e1\u017ee projevit v p\u0159\u00edtomnosti kouzeln\u00edk\u016f profesion\u00e1l\u016f. P\u0159i sv\u00e9m vystoupen\u00ed v televizi za cel\u00fdch dvacet minut nedok\u00e1zal p\u0159edv\u00e9st ani jedno jedin\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo z p\u0159ipraven\u00e9ho programu.<\/p>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozruch kolem Uriho nevyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed jeho odp\u016frci, ale zast\u00e1nci. Propaguj\u00ed ho, kde se d\u00e1, vy\u0161la o n\u011bm dokonce kniha, a v n\u00ed se tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Uri je ve spojen\u00ed s jak\u00fdmsi velmi vysp\u011bl\u00fdm po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem v kosmu, kter\u00fd se jmenuje Spektrum. A nyn\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00ed tento kosmick\u00fd posel jeho pozemsk\u00e9 kroky…<\/p>\n

Velkou m\u00f3dou v parapsychologii jsou psychi\u010dt\u00ed ranhoji\u010di. Jejich \u010dinnost je zam\u00ed\u0159ena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na \u00fazem\u00ed USA, kde jim kynou vzhledem k pom\u011brn\u00e9 prostoduchosti i movitosti mnoh\u00fdch lid\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zisky. Ale mnoz\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 za nimi jezd\u00ed do zahrani\u010d\u00ed. A kdy\u017e se vr\u00e1t\u00ed dom\u016f, p\u011bj\u00ed \u00f3dy o \u201ez\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdch“ uzdraven\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Psychick\u00e1 chirurgie kvete p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na Filip\u00edn\u00e1ch. Tam je mnoho \u201ez\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdch“ fel\u010dar\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed vyhledaj\u00ed nemocn\u00fd org\u00e1n v\u00fdhradn\u011b psychologick\u00fdm sledov\u00e1n\u00edm pacienta. V duchu pak uchop\u00ed sv\u00fdma \u201ez\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdma“ rukama nemocn\u00fd org\u00e1n a bu\u010f ho t\u00edm uzdrav\u00ed, anebo vyrvou z t\u011bla a nahrad\u00ed masem jin\u00e9ho \u017eij\u00edc\u00edho. V\u011bt\u0161ina z t\u011bchto fel\u010dar\u016f jsou pologramotn\u00ed \u0161izu\u0148kov\u00e9, u nich\u017e je v\u0161e zalo\u017eeno na efektu, s n\u00edm\u017e dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zap\u016fsobit na sv\u00e9 klienty.<\/p>\n

Jeden ze sv\u011bdk\u016f takov\u00e9hoto z\u00e1kroku p\u00ed\u0161e: \u201eP\u0159ed m\u00fdma o\u010dima vyrval l\u00e9ka\u0159 n\u011bco z hrudi \u017eeny, trp\u00edc\u00ed \u00fadajn\u011b rakovinou prs\u016f. J\u00e1 mu ten kousek masa sebral a poslal do laborato\u0159e v Seatlu na prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed. Odtud mi odpov\u011bd\u011bli: Tk\u00e1\u0148 p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e1 k prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt identifikov\u00e1na jako tk\u00e1\u0148 n\u011bjak\u00e9ho drobn\u00e9ho \u017eivo\u010dicha. Nena\u0161li jsme \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o \u017eenskou ml\u00e9\u010dnou \u017el\u00e1zu napadenou rakovinou.“<\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 sice m\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, ale p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed p\u0159esto s jakousi ned\u016fv\u011brou nov\u00e9 poznatky. Vezm\u011bme t\u0159eba akupunkturu. Racionalist\u00e9 ji dlouho pokl\u00e1dali za \u0161arlat\u00e1nstv\u00ed, a te\u010f se s n\u00ed zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed v \u0159ad\u011b l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Mnoz\u00ed v\u011bdci u\u017e p\u0159iznali n\u011bkter\u00e9 blahod\u00e1rn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky paranorm\u00e1ln\u00ed medic\u00edny, a\u010dkoli je\u0161t\u011b ani zdaleka neobjasnili tuto metodu a jej\u00ed principy.<\/p>\n

V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b, kdy fyzika dos\u00e1hla zna\u010dn\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f, vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 zcela logicky ot\u00e1zka: pro\u010d by v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b nemohly existovat i jin\u00e9 fenom\u00e9ny?<\/p>\n

U zast\u00e1nc\u016f parapsychologie je odpov\u011b\u010f nasnad\u011b. V na\u0161em sv\u011bt\u011b je v\u0161echno mo\u017en\u00e9. Ale jen prost\u00e1 deklarace dogmatu v\u00edry a p\u0159idr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed se j\u00ed bez v\u011brojatn\u00fdch d\u016fkaz\u016f, to umo\u017e\u0148ovalo duchovn\u00ed nadvl\u00e1du c\u00edrkvi t\u0159eba ve st\u0159edov\u011bku, ale dnes to prost\u011b nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

U\u017e je to stopades\u00e1t let, co Charles Lamb<\/strong><\/em> (7) napsal, \u017ee v d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ivosti je s\u00edla d\u011bt\u00ed a slabost dosp\u011bl\u00fdch. To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee by se parapsychologie nemela v\u016fbec p\u0159ij\u00edmat. V\u011b\u0159ili v n\u00ed i mnoz\u00ed velc\u00ed duchov\u00e9 jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Freud, Edison nebo Einstein. Ale p\u0159ijmout parapsychologick\u00e9 jevy jako skute\u010dnost je mo\u017en\u00e9 jen na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u011brojatn\u00e9ho d\u016fkazu a ne jen jednoho.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) https:\/\/dic.academic.ru\/dic.nsf\/ruwiki\/100603<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

(2) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koestler_Parapsychology_Unit<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

(3) https:\/\/www.aaas.org\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

(4) https:\/\/www.lib.usm.edu\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

(5) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

(6) https:\/\/www.urigeller.com\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

(7) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Lamb<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Para \u2014 (\u0159ecky) ve slo\u017een\u00fdch slovech zna\u010d\u00ed vedle, podle, mimo, krom\u011b.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":199,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[26,55,27],"class_list":["post-274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezarazene","tag-kritika","tag-parapsychologie","tag-skepse"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=274"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/274\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":275,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/274\/revisions\/275"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=274"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}