{"id":313,"date":"2023-04-28T00:13:35","date_gmt":"2023-04-27T22:13:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=313"},"modified":"2023-05-09T23:22:48","modified_gmt":"2023-05-09T21:22:48","slug":"zlocinci-a-idioty-se-lide-rodi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/04\/28\/zlocinci-a-idioty-se-lide-rodi\/","title":{"rendered":"Zlo\u010dinci a idioty se lid\u00e9 rod\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u011bdci zjistili, kter\u00e9 oblasti mozku jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za zlo a hloupost.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u011bdci v roce 2013 p\u0159ekvapili sv\u011bt dv\u011bma objevy. Bohu\u017eel v\u016fbec ne \u0161\u0165astn\u00fdmi. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee hloupost a krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed sklony jsou vrozen\u00e9. A souvisej\u00ed se zvl\u00e1\u0161tnostmi ur\u010dit\u00fdch oblast\u00ed mozku.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci z Berl\u00edna, Bochumi a Lipska zkoumali mozkovou aktivitu 26 \u0161kol\u00e1k\u016f a univerzitn\u00edch student\u016f – „v\u00fdborn\u00fdch“ a „\u0161patn\u00fdch“. Po\u017e\u00e1dali je, aby se nau\u010dili nov\u00e9 u\u010debn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly, a sledovali jejich proces u\u010den\u00ed pomoc\u00ed elektroencefalogram\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u201eMozek dob\u0159e se u\u010d\u00edc\u00edch lid\u00ed vykazuje intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aktivaci alfa rytm\u016f – encefalogramov\u00fdch rytm\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za p\u0159echod z uvoln\u011bn\u00e9ho stavu do stavu soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed,“<\/em> vysv\u011btluje vedouc\u00ed studie Dr. Hubert Dinse<\/em> (1) z Por\u00farsk\u00e9 univerzity v Bochumi. \u2013 \u201e\u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed byla amplituda rytmu, t\u00edm snadn\u011bji se dobrovoln\u00edci u\u010dili.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee byst\u0159\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci se u\u010d\u00ed snadno, proto\u017ee je p\u0159\u00edroda obda\u0159ila schopnost\u00ed soust\u0159edit se, a d\u00e1vat pozor. Mozky „opozdilc\u016f“ v\u0161ak nemaj\u00ed chu\u0165 zpracov\u00e1vat a osvojovat si informace, proto\u017ee jejich alfa rytmus je pomal\u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci doufaj\u00ed, \u017ee v budoucnu budou schopni mozkov\u00e9 rytmy „ru\u010dn\u011b“ upravit, a t\u00edm p\u0159inutit mozky „opozdilc\u016f“ pracovat na pln\u00fd v\u00fdkon.<\/p>\n

\u201eTeprve a\u017e budeme pln\u011b rozum\u011bt tomu, jak se informace v mozku zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed, budeme moci navrhnout terapii, kter\u00e1 by abnormality v mozku napravila,“<\/em> sl\u00edbila koordin\u00e1torka projektu Petra Ritterov\u00e1 z Lipska.<\/p>\n

A jeden z renomovan\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f na onemocn\u011bn\u00ed mozku, br\u00e9msk\u00fd neurolog Gerhard Roth, tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee na\u0161el \u010d\u00e1st mozku, kter\u00e1 je zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za asoci\u00e1ln\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed vrah\u016f, n\u00e1siln\u00edk\u016f a lupi\u010d\u016f. „M\u00edsto zla,“<\/em> uji\u0161\u0165uje, „se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v \u010deln\u00edm laloku a na rentgenov\u00fdch sn\u00edmc\u00edch se jev\u00ed jako tmav\u00e1 hmota.\u201c<\/em> (2)<\/p>\n

Dr. Roth u\u010dinil sv\u016fj objev po letech v\u00fdzkumu v\u011bz\u0148\u016f, odsouzen\u00fdch za n\u00e1siln\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 \u010diny, kter\u00fd prov\u00e1d\u011bl pro n\u011bmeckou vl\u00e1du. B\u011bhem test\u016f pou\u0161t\u011bl Roth v\u011bz\u0148\u016fm kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 thrillery a ak\u010dn\u00ed filmy, a soub\u011b\u017en\u011b skenoval jejich mozky. V\u011bdec si v\u0161iml, \u017ee poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e se na obrazovce objevily sc\u00e9ny n\u00e1sil\u00ed, z\u016fst\u00e1vali pokusn\u00e9 osoby lhostejn\u00e9, v jejich tv\u00e1\u0159\u00edch se neodr\u00e1\u017eely \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 emoce. Oblasti mozku, zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za pocity soucitu, byly podobn\u011b hluch\u00e9 k ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed druh\u00fdch lid\u00ed. Na skenech mozku v\u0161ech zatvrzel\u00fdch zlo\u010dinc\u016f, kter\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159 zkoumal, se objevila charakteristick\u00e1 tmav\u00e1 skvrna.<\/p>\n

\u201ePokud se v\u00e1m poda\u0159\u00ed v\u010das odhalit abnormality ve v\u00fdvoji \u010deln\u00edho laloku, m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt budouc\u00edho dareb\u00e1ka s t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 sedmdes\u00e1tiprocentn\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed,“<\/em> uji\u0161\u0165uje doktor Roth.<\/p>\n

V\u0161ichni v\u011bdci se nav\u00edc shoduj\u00ed v jednom: zlo a hloupost se skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed nejen v mozku, ale tak\u00e9 v genech, kter\u00e9 se d\u011bd\u00ed po na\u0161ich rodi\u010d\u00edch. A ty nelze „ru\u010dn\u011b“ upravit.<\/p>\n

Studie doktora Antonia Rangela<\/em> (3) z Kalifornsk\u00e9ho technologick\u00e9ho institutu uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee v na\u0161em mozku existuj\u00ed oblasti, kter\u00e9 neust\u00e1le bojuj\u00ed o pr\u00e1vo ovl\u00e1dat lidsk\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tyto oblasti byly pojmenov\u00e1ny „and\u011bl“ a „d\u00e9mon“. V\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev pro „and\u011blskou“ oblast mozku je dorsolater\u00e1ln\u00ed prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fra (DLPFC)<\/em> a „\u010f\u00e1belsk\u00e1“ oblast je ventromedi\u00e1ln\u00ed prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fra (vmPFC).<\/em> Prvn\u00ed z nich je zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za dobr\u00e9 sebeovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 za slabou v\u016fli. K tomuto z\u00e1v\u011bru dosp\u011bli v\u011bdci po experimentu zji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edm n\u00e1chylnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch lid\u00ed k nezdrav\u00fdm potravin\u00e1m, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad fast food. A zjistili, \u017ee „and\u011bl“ p\u0159im\u011bl \u010dlov\u011bka rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edho se, zda si d\u00e1t hamburger, \u010di nikoliv, zahrnout takov\u00e9 abstraktn\u00ed \u00favahy, jako je „hygiena“ nebo „dobrota“. Naopak „\u010f\u00e1bel“ vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 neodolateln\u00e9 nutk\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00edst tu\u010dn\u00e9 nezdrav\u00e9 j\u00eddlo.<\/p>\n

\u201eStejn\u00e9 oblasti mozku bojuj\u00ed i o z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti, ne\u017e jsou gastronomick\u00e9 chut\u011b,“<\/em> vysv\u011btluje doktor Rangel. \u2013 \u201eAnd\u011bl\u00e9 a d\u00e9moni spolu v\u00e1l\u010d\u00ed kv\u016fli finan\u010dn\u00edm ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m, rodinn\u00fdm konflikt\u016fm a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm z\u00e1le\u017eitostem. Obecn\u011b o v\u0161echny \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed sebeovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. A \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b je zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed ti, kter\u00fdm „and\u011bl“ pom\u00e1h\u00e1 dr\u017eet na uzd\u011b jejich negativn\u00ed emoce, kter\u00e9 tla\u010d\u00ed k nevhodn\u00fdm \u010din\u016fm.“<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky t\u011bchto studi\u00ed pomohou budouc\u00edm neurov\u011bdc\u016fm pochopit, jak lze mozek „rekonstruovat“ tak, aby lid\u00e9 konali jen dobr\u00e9 skutky.<\/p>\n

Oponenti v\u0161ak nam\u00edtaj\u00ed, \u017ee interpretace t\u011bchto objev\u016f je myln\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed byla amplituda rytmu, t\u00edm snadn\u011bji se dobrovoln\u00edci u\u010dili“<\/em>, je to jako \u0159\u00edkat, \u017ee „v\u00edtr fouk\u00e1, proto\u017ee se stromy kym\u00e1cej\u00ed“<\/em>. Ve skute\u010dnosti je p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edci: „\u010c\u00edm snadn\u011bji se studenti u\u010dili, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed byla amplituda jejich alfa rytmu.“<\/em> Sta\u010d\u00ed si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee rytmus alfa je ukazatelem uvoln\u011bn\u00ed organismu, a rytmus beta je ukazatelem stresu na mozku.<\/p>\n

Experimenty Huberta Dinse<\/em> pouze ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee dob\u0159\u00ed studenti zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed typick\u00e9 \u00fakoly snadno, zat\u00edmco ti, kte\u0159\u00ed zaost\u00e1vaj\u00ed, d\u011blaj\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e. Aby mohl n\u011bmeck\u00fd v\u011bdec sv\u00e1 halasn\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed zd\u016fvodnit, musel prov\u00e9st kontroln\u00ed experimenty, nap\u0159. p\u0159id\u011blit dobr\u00e9 u\u010ditele „smola\u0159\u016fm“, a d\u00e1t jim procvi\u010dovat matematiku. Je pak jist\u00e9, \u017ee pot\u00e9 by \u00falohy snadno vy\u0159e\u0161ili, \u010d\u00edm\u017e by prok\u00e1zali alfa rytmus. A je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik slov o „vylep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed“ alfa rytmu.<\/p>\n

Jsou zn\u00e1mi lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017eou n\u00e1hodn\u011b m\u011bnit mozkov\u00e9 rytmy – z alfa na beta a zp\u011bt, a to s otev\u0159en\u00fdma o\u010dima. Ale s pomoc\u00ed technologie biofeedback se takov\u00fd trik m\u016f\u017ee nau\u010dit ka\u017ed\u00fd – a takov\u00e9 technologie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u011bdci k l\u00e9\u010db\u011b n\u00e1vykov\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed (drogov\u00fdch a jin\u00fdch z\u00e1vislost\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o „objev“ doktora Rotha,<\/em> bolestn\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 nezapomenuteln\u00e9ho Cesare Lombrosa<\/em> (1835-1909) (2), kter\u00fd v 19. stolet\u00ed tvrdil, \u017ee existuje lebka „rozen\u00e9ho zlo\u010dince“. A interpretace experiment\u016f Antonia Rangela s jeho „\u010f\u00e1blem“ a „and\u011blem“ se komentuje je\u0161t\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji, u\u017e proto, \u017ee dorsolater\u00e1ln\u00ed prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fra (DLPFC)<\/em> se pod\u00edl\u00ed na lidsk\u00e9m v\u011bdom\u00e9m lhan\u00ed, jak prok\u00e1zaly experimenty s transkrani\u00e1ln\u00ed magnetickou stimulac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Celkov\u011b vzato jsou na\u0161e mozky neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e9. A \u010dlov\u011bk mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159i interpretaci jednotliv\u00fdch efekt\u016f velmi opatrn\u00fd, aby se nedostal do probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) https:\/\/www.rd.ruhr-uni-bochum.de\/neuro\/wiss\/pi\/dinse.html.en<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) https:\/\/www.medindia.net\/news\/neurologist-discovers-evil-patch-inside-brains-of-killers-and-rapists-114096-1.htm<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) https:\/\/www.hss.caltech.edu\/people\/antonio-rangel<\/a> <\/em>
\n(4) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cesare_Lombroso<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u011bdci zjistili, kter\u00e9 oblasti mozku jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za zlo a hloupost.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":294,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,8,13],"tags":[50,21],"class_list":["post-313","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nazory","category-veda","category-zazitky","tag-mozek","tag-vedomi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/313","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=313"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/313\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":314,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/313\/revisions\/314"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/294"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=313"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=313"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=313"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}