{"id":385,"date":"2023-05-22T00:07:25","date_gmt":"2023-05-21T22:07:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=385"},"modified":"2023-05-19T00:18:51","modified_gmt":"2023-05-18T22:18:51","slug":"drahe-kameny-a-kalendar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/05\/22\/drahe-kameny-a-kalendar\/","title":{"rendered":"Drah\u00e9 kameny a kalend\u00e1\u0159"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00e1vn\u00e9 tradice souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s amulety z kamen\u016f se dochovaly dodnes, i nyn\u00ed mnoho lid\u00ed zaj\u00edm\u00e1, jakou maj\u00ed spojitost<\/strong>
\nKamenn\u00e9 amulety vznikaly u\u017e v ran\u00e9m paleolitu. P\u00e1trat po p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch nem\u00e1 smysl, proto\u017ee bychom sklouzli ke spekulac\u00edm. P\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm nen\u00ed rozumn\u00e9 opakovat trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed, nav\u00edc neprokazateln\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, kter\u00e9 tvrd\u00ed, ze kdy\u017e lid\u00e9 neum\u011bli vysv\u011btlit, pro\u010d m\u00e1 krystal ur\u010dit\u00fd tvar, t\u0159pytiv\u00fd lesk a \u010dist\u00e9 barevn\u00e9 t\u00f3ny, p\u0159ipisovali mu nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 vlastnosti jenom proto, \u017ee tomu nerozum\u011bli.<\/p>\n

Kamenn\u00e9 amulety se v\u00e1zaly k ru\u0161n\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem v lidsk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b – k narozen\u00ed d\u00edt\u011bte, k v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad nep\u0159\u00edtelem, bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 dalek\u00e9 cest\u011b – prost\u00e9 jak\u00fdmkoli v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bch\u016fm. Souvisely tak\u00e9 s odv\u011bkou starost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka o zdrav\u00ed a p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed nemoc\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd k\u00e1men m\u011bl sv\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad zelen\u00fd malachit, prosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed o\u010d\u00edm a du\u0161evn\u00ed rovnov\u00e1ze, se zav\u011b\u0161oval nad kol\u00e9bku mal\u00e9ho d\u00edt\u011bte, modrozelen\u00fd akvamar\u00edn se darov\u00e1val n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk\u016fm, sardonyx a krvav\u011b \u010derven\u00fd hematit voj\u00e1k\u016fm a ametyst si lid\u00e9 br\u00e1vali na hostiny, aby se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 spole\u010densky neunavili.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1rody, kter\u00e9 vyzn\u00e1valy polyteismus, zasv\u011bcovaly ur\u010dit\u00e9 kameny ur\u010dit\u00e9mu bohu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 a Hel\u00e9ni spojovali sv\u00e9 nad\u011bje zpravidla s n\u011bk\u00fdm z nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdch bytost\u00ed. Vyb\u00edrali si nej\u010dast\u011bji podle barvy kamen\u016f. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 obl\u00edben\u00e9 byly miner\u00e1ly v barv\u011b nebesk\u00e9 mod\u0159i – lazurit a saf\u00edr.<\/p>\n

Skarabeov\u00e9 z lazuritu byli ozdobou a posv\u011bcen\u00edm fara\u00f3novy moci – pektor\u00e1lu. Saf\u00edr – k\u00e1men moudrosti a rozj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bnovali \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 Jupiterovi. Pohan\u00e9 spojovali zelen\u00e9 kameny s plodnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vztah kamen\u016f a kalend\u00e1\u0159e se tradi\u010dn\u011b zasazuje do doby vzniku Star\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona (hebrejsk\u00fd origin\u00e1l se datuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b rokem 1500 p\u0159.n.l.). Ve druh\u00e9 knize Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161ov\u011b je detailn\u011b pops\u00e1no roucho velekn\u011bze jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu \u00c1ar\u00f3na. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost je v\u011bnov\u00e1na \u0161t\u00edtu (cho\u0161en), kter\u00fd byl os\u00e1zen dvan\u00e1cti drah\u00fdmi kameny v ur\u010dit\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed. T\u011bchto kamen\u016f bylo dvan\u00e1ct, stejn\u011b jako kamen\u016f izraelsk\u00fdch. P\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed se i n\u00e1zor, \u017ee barva kamen\u016f odpov\u00eddala barv\u011b rodov\u00fdch korouhv\u00ed a hierarchii rod\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u0160t\u00edt se nedochoval, nezachoval se ani popis kamen\u016f, a proto se jejich n\u00e1zvy p\u0159ekl\u00e1daj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u011b. V rusk\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed bible se uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i \u0159ady po t\u0159ech kamenech – rub\u00edn, topaz a smaragd: rub\u00edn, saf\u00edr a diamant v druh\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b: „jachon\u01654 (saf\u00edr nebo rub\u00edn), ach\u00e1t a ametyst: chryzolit, onyx a jaspis. Ov\u0161em p\u0159eklad k\u00e1nonizovan\u00fd anglik\u00e1nskou c\u00edrkv\u00ed v roce 1611 uv\u00e1d\u00ed jin\u00e9 varianty n\u00e1zv\u016f i jin\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed: sardonyx, topaz a rub\u00edn: smaragd, saf\u00edr a diamant: linkur, ach\u00e1t a ametyst: beryl, onyx a jaspis.<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak i dal\u0161\u00ed verze. Ale ani jedna nem\u00e1 jednozna\u010dnou spojitost mezi kameny z tohoto \u0160t\u00edtu s kalend\u00e1\u0159em. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee \u010d\u00edslo 12 souvis\u00ed s dvan\u00e1ctkovou \u010d\u00edselnou soustavou starobyl\u00e9 Judeje.
\nVelk\u00e9 d\u00e1vn\u00e9 civilizace celkov\u00e9 nezanechaly p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o souvislosti mezi amulety z drah\u00fdch kamen\u016f a kalend\u00e1\u0159em, i kdy\u017e v\u0161echny starov\u011bk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty pou\u017e\u00edvaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 formy kalend\u00e1\u0159\u016f a v\u0161echny d\u00e1vn\u00e9 n\u00e1rody uct\u00edvaly talismany.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vazba s kalend\u00e1\u0159em se ukazuje ve st\u0159edov\u011bku. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b se u\u017e tak\u00e9 zm\u011bnil vztah ke kamen\u016fm. V syst\u00e9mu vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch souvislost\u00ed prostupuj\u00edc\u00edch cel\u00fd sv\u011bt vytvo\u0159en\u00fd jedin\u00fdm stvo\u0159itelem – jak ho ch\u00e1palo v\u011bdom\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho filozofa a teologa – se drahokamy staly symbolick\u00fdm prost\u0159edn\u00edkem mezi vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011btem p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00edm vesm\u00edr – makrokosmem a vesm\u00edrem ukryt\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edmo v \u010dlov\u011bku – mikrokosmem. Podle p\u0159edstav astrolog\u016f byl ka\u017ed\u00fd drahokam p\u0159\u00edmo pod\u0159\u00edzen jedn\u00e9 planet\u011b, a proto mohl p\u016fsobit na lidi tak, \u017ee jejich organismus l\u00e9\u010dil a byf spolehlivou oporou v \u017eivot\u011b.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed astrologickou souvislost kamen\u016f se zv\u011brokruhem pr\u00fd na\u0161el slavn\u00fd astrolog Agrippa z Nettesheimu (1486 a\u017e 1535). Na jeho knihy se mimochodem odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 Goeth\u016fv Faust.<\/p>\n

Vztahy mezi kameny a jednotliv\u00fdmi znaky ve zv\u011brokruhu se nejednou m\u011bnily. Je zn\u00e1mo mno\u017estv\u00ed seznam\u016f „m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch kamen\u016f“, ale v ka\u017ed\u00e9m se v\u00fdb\u011br \u0161\u0165astn\u00fdch kamen\u016f pro jednotliv\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 na jejich barevn\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le nebo sv\u011bteln\u00fdch efektech,je\u017e jsou typick\u00e9 projednotliv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed obdob\u00ed nebo jevy. Celkov\u00e1 tendence je prost\u00e1 a m\u00e1 logiku – mezi kameny pro jarn\u00ed a prvn\u00ed letn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00ed zelen\u00e9 t\u00f3ny, vrchol l\u00e9ta a letn\u00ed horka p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed \u010derven\u00e9 kameny, podzim t\u00edhne k pestr\u00fdm barv\u00e1m nebo \u017elut\u00e9 barv\u00e9 a zima k chladn\u00fdm, namodral\u00fdm t\u00f3n\u016fm. Zd\u00e1nliv\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky jen potvrzuj\u00ed pravidlo. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ohniv\u00e9 rud\u00fd lednov\u00fd grana’t doslova p\u0159\u00edmo h\u0159eje jako uhl\u00ed v lednov\u00fdch mrazech a t\u0159pytiv\u00e9 dubnov\u00e9 krystaly a brilianty vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159edstavu ledov\u00fdch rampouch\u016f, zat\u00edmco perla, jako\u017eto amulet \u010dervence, p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 kapi\u010dky rosy na st\u00e9blech trav v m\u011bs\u00edci tolik bohat\u00e9m na rosu.<\/p>\n

Mno\u017estv\u00ed neshod v seznamu m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch kamen\u016f volalo po tom, aby klenotn\u00edci a obchodn\u00edci s drahokamy n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem dali tento stav do po\u0159\u00e1dku, co\u017e se stalo na Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm sjezdu gemolog\u016f a klenotn\u00edk\u016f v Lond\u00fdn\u011b v roce 1968. Existuje tak\u00e9 seznam, kter\u00fd v roce 1934 sestavil Koch. Dodatky p\u0159ipojili i sov\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed klenotn\u00edci s ohledem na mo\u017enosti sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho trhu s kameny.
\nJako nov\u00e9 odv\u011btv\u00ed mineralogie se gemologie za\u010dala zab\u00fdvat pouze studiem jak vlastnost\u00ed kamen\u016f, tak i zp\u016fsoby jejich „p\u011bstov\u00e1ni“, zu\u0161lech\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm, tvorbou cen a p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 popt\u00e1vky po klenotech, brou\u0161en\u00edm kamen\u016f a ur\u010dit\u00fdmi jejich um\u011bleck\u00fdmi hodnotami. Gemology zaj\u00edm\u00e1 popis kamen\u016f v um\u011bleck\u00fdch d\u00edlech. S vyu\u017eit\u00edm t\u011bchto d\u011bl lze vy\u0159e\u0161it historick\u00e9, geografick\u00e9, filologick\u00e9 a um\u011bleck\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Gemologie se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159esnou diagnostikou drah\u00fdch kamen\u016f, co\u017e je zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 u historick\u00fdch kamen\u016f, jejich\u017e hodnota se ned\u00e1 \u010dasto v\u016fbec vy\u010d\u00edslit. Poda\u0159ilo se „diagnostikovat“ tak vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 kameny, jako je „rub\u00edn \u010cern\u00e9ho prince“ v britsk\u00e9 korun\u011b a obrovsk\u00fd rub\u00edn v horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti velk\u00e9ho diamantov\u00e9ho v\u011bnce na rusk\u00e9 korun\u011b (oba kameny jsou u\u0161lechtil\u00e9 spinely) nebo Neron\u016fv smaragd, co\u017e jak se uk\u00e1zalo, byl chryzolit.<\/p>\n

Skeptick\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 mo\u017en\u00e1 bude pova\u017eovat z\u00e1jem o tematiku kamen\u016f a kalend\u00e1\u0159e za jakousi hru – ov\u0161em trv\u00e1 cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed a dosud se o ni lid\u00e9 nep\u0159estali zaj\u00edmat. Romantick\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 – doufejme, \u017ee je\u0161t\u011b nevym\u0159eli – si vzpomene, \u017ee jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch kamenn\u00fdch talisman\u016f byla sama Zem\u011b. P\u0159ece kdy\u017e sej\u00ed Antheus dotkl t\u0159eba jen mal\u00ed\u010dkem, neopou\u0161t\u011bly ho s\u00edly. Mo\u017en\u00e1 \u017ee i proto m\u00e1me dnes chu\u0165 dot\u00fdkat se kamene.<\/p>\n

NEJNOV\u011aJ\u0160\u00cd SEZNAM M\u011aS\u00cd\u010cN\u00cdCH KAMEN\u016e<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u011bs\u00edc<\/p>\n

Leden 1. gran\u00e1t 2. gran\u00e1t, r\u016f\u017een\u00edn 3. rodonit
\n\u00danor 1. ametyst 2. ametyst, onyx 3. \u010daroit
\nB\u0159ezen 1. akvamar\u00edn 2. aspis, turmal\u00edn 3. amazonit
\nDuben 1. diamant, k\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1l 2. diamant, k\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1l 3. saf\u00edr
\nKv\u011bten 1. smaragd 2. smaragd, chryzopras 3. nefrit, malachit
\n\u010cerven 1. perla 2. perla, adul\u00e1r 3. ach\u00e1t (sv\u011btl\u00fd)
\n\u010dervenec 1. rub\u00edn, sardonyx 2. rub\u00edn, sardonyx 3. spinel
\nSrpen 1. chryzolit 2. onyx, sardonyx 3. nefrit
\nZ\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1. saf\u00edr 2. chryzolit 3. lazurit
\n\u0158\u00edjen 1. op\u00e1l 2. op\u00e1l, akvamar\u00edn 3. jaspis
\nListopad 1. topaz 2. topaz, tyg\u0159\u00ed oko 3. jantar, citr\u00edn
\nProsinec 1. tyrkys 2. tyrkys, zirkon 3. modr\u00fd topaz<\/p>\n

1. Sjezd gemolog\u016f a klenotn\u00edk\u016f v Lond\u00fdn\u011b (1968)
\n2. Podle Kocha
\n3. Dodatky sov\u011btsk\u00fdch klenotn\u00edk\u016f<\/p>\n

TA\u0164JANA ZDORIKOV\u00c1, kandid\u00e1tka geologicko-mineralogick\u00fdch v\u011bd<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fdden\u00edk aktualit \u010d.23\/1991 s.11<\/em><\/p>\n

Archiv CP<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00e1vn\u00e9 tradice souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s amulety z kamen\u016f se dochovaly dodnes, i nyn\u00ed mnoho lid\u00ed zaj\u00edm\u00e1, jakou maj\u00ed spojitost<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":386,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,5],"tags":[64],"class_list":["post-385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nazory","category-souvislosti","tag-kalendar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=385"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":387,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385\/revisions\/387"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/386"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}