{"id":511,"date":"2023-06-24T00:52:09","date_gmt":"2023-06-23T22:52:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=511"},"modified":"2023-06-29T05:00:51","modified_gmt":"2023-06-29T03:00:51","slug":"vampyri-existovali-i-v-nemecku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/06\/24\/vampyri-existovali-i-v-nemecku\/","title":{"rendered":"Vamp\u00fd\u0159i existovali i v N\u011bmecku"},"content":{"rendered":"

Po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed lid\u00e9 up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee mrtv\u00ed mohou vst\u00e1vat ze sv\u00fdch hrob\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nemrtv\u00fd \u2013 rom\u00e1nov\u00fd up\u00edr Dracula<\/em> \u2013 se zrodil z \u0159ady m\u00fdt\u016f a pov\u011br, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdch po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Legendy o up\u00edrech, vamp\u00fdrech a zombie doprov\u00e1z\u00ed celou historii lidstva.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco o v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00fdch zvyc\u00edch a pov\u011br\u00e1ch, spojen\u00fdch s up\u00edry v\u00edme pom\u011brn\u011b dost (1), zvyky z N\u011bmecka a Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy nejsou u n\u00e1s tak zn\u00e1m\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vno v oblasti m\u011bsta Stade<\/em> (hanzovn\u00edho m\u011bsta v N\u011bmecku, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v Doln\u00edm Sasku, z\u00e1padn\u011b od Hamburku)<\/em> byly nalezeny poz\u016fstatky, kter\u00fd p\u0159inesly archeolog\u016fm dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy v\u00edry v nemrtv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed 150 lety v severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti N\u011bmecka se lid\u00e9 sna\u017eili ud\u011blat v\u0161e pro to, aby mrtv\u00ed nemohli opustit sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho odpo\u010dinku.<\/p>\n

Podle sb\u00edrky pov\u011br a legend Ludwiga Strackerjana<\/em> (2), shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 ve v\u00e9vodstv\u00ed Oldenburg, mrtv\u00fd m\u011bl b\u00fdt pln\u011b vybaven oble\u010den\u00edm, do rakve se m\u011bly d\u00e1t d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 hobliny na zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako jehla, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00e9 by tak mohl opravit sv\u016fj od\u011bv. Ohe\u0148 v krbu, kde \u010dlov\u011bk zem\u0159el, se musel okam\u017eit\u011b uhasit vodou. Mrtv\u00ed byli poh\u0159beni do pom\u011brn\u011b hlubok\u00fdch jam. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nebylo p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9, aby se nad mrtvolou d\u011blaly jak\u00e9koli \u017eerty.<\/p>\n

Co by se stalo, pokud by se zapomn\u011bl uhasit ohe\u0148 v krbu, nebo se nedala jehla do rakve? Vzniklo by nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee by mrtv\u00fd vstal z hrobu a \u0161el by v\u011bc napravit \u2013 stal by se nemrtv\u00fdm, p\u0159\u00edzrakem, stra\u0161idlem\u2026<\/p>\n

V bl\u00edzkosti m\u011bsta Stade<\/em> na\u0161el m\u00edstn\u00ed archeolog Daniel N\u00f6sler<\/em> (3), b\u011bhem vykop\u00e1vek v ambitu b\u00fdval\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera Harsefeld, podivn\u00fd k\u00e1men vedle jedn\u00e9 lebky. Obrovsk\u00fd balvan rozdrtil lebku zem\u0159el\u00e9ho a pom\u00edchal ostatn\u00ed kosti.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1m o sob\u011b tento obrovsk\u00fd balvan nemohl spadnout do hrobu. Bylo pot\u0159eba alespo\u0148 dvou siln\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f, aby ho odstranili z hrobu. Je nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by se tam vyskytl n\u00e1hodou.<\/p>\n

„P\u016fda na h\u0159bitov\u011b byla jakoby proset\u00e1, nebyly zde ani drobn\u00e9 obl\u00e1zky a \u0161t\u011brk,“<\/em> – \u0159ekl archeolog v rozhovoru pro spiegel.de<\/em> (4). A sou\u010dasn\u011b konstatoval, \u017ee m\u00edstn\u00ed p\u016fda m\u00e1 m\u00edrn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fd odst\u00edn ne\u017e p\u016fda uvnit\u0159 hrobu. Balvan se nemohl dostat do hromu n\u00e1hodou, ale a\u017e po ur\u010dit\u00e9 dob\u011b, kdy byl hrob znovu otev\u0159en.<\/p>\n

Tak jako v jin\u00fdch oblastech sv\u011bta, v\u00edra v nemrtv\u00e9 m\u00e1 sv\u016fj odraz ve folkl\u00f3ru severn\u00edho N\u011bmecka. Je zn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o chud\u00e9 \u017een\u011b z Brake,<\/em> kter\u00e1 sl\u00edbila jin\u00e9 \u017een\u011b, \u017ee se za 15 tolar\u016f postar\u00e1 o jej\u00ed poh\u0159eb. Ale pot\u00e9, co nemocn\u00e1 zem\u0159ela, utratila pen\u00edze pro sebe.<\/p>\n

Mrtv\u00e1 \u017eena ka\u017edou noc hledala svoje pen\u00edze. Na konci, lakom\u00e1 \u017eena byla potrest\u00e1na podle z\u00e1kona a mrtv\u00e1 dos\u00e1hla kone\u010dn\u011b klidu. Tak kon\u010d\u00ed mnoho takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f. Ale, bohu\u017eel, ne v\u017edy se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem byl mrtv\u00fd zahn\u00e1n zp\u011bt do hrobu.<\/p>\n

Dietrich Alsdorf<\/em> (5) na\u0161el tak\u00e9 neobvykl\u00fd hrob. P\u0159ed dvaat\u0159iceti lety v z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti ambitu kl\u00e1\u0161tera v Harsefeldu byla vykop\u00e1na rakev, p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00e1 v\u00edkem dol\u016f.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho na hrobu le\u017eely cihly, a rakev byla ulo\u017eena daleko hloub\u011bji, ne\u017e jin\u00e9 rakve. \u201eN\u011bkdo ur\u010dit\u011b cht\u011bl skute\u010dn\u011b a definitivn\u011b poh\u0159b\u00edt tuto mrtv\u00e9ho mu\u017ee,“<\/em> – \u0159ekl Alsdorf.<\/p>\n

Oba tajemn\u00e9 hroby se datuj\u00ed do XIV. nebo XV. stolet\u00ed. „Byla to doba velk\u00fdch epidemi\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> – vysv\u011btluje N\u00f6sler. \u201ePokud n\u011bkdo zem\u0159el, byl \u010dasto n\u00e1sledov\u00e1n dal\u0161\u00edmi \u010dleny rodiny. Vzniklo tak roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee mrtv\u00ed si chodili pro \u017eiv\u00e9. Prvn\u00ed mrtv\u00fd si jde pro dal\u0161\u00ed.“<\/em><\/p>\n

Ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch legend\u00e1ch se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed nemrtv\u00ed \u2013 tzv. Nachzehrer<\/em> (odvozeno od slovesa z\u00e1niku, ztr\u00e1ty, vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka) (6).<\/p>\n

Nahzehrer se podob\u00e1 sv\u00fdm charakterem up\u00edru, ale m\u00e1 n\u011bkter\u00e9 odli\u0161nosti.<\/p>\n

Pokud se kus oble\u010den\u00ed necht\u011bn\u011b ocitl v bl\u00edzkosti \u00fast mrtv\u00e9ho, pak ten s\u00e1l vitalitu v\u0161ech t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed se d\u0159\u00edve tohoto kusu l\u00e1tky dotkli.<\/p>\n

V obci Oldendorf,<\/em> kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na doln\u00edm toku Labe, N\u00f6sler<\/em> a jeho kolegov\u00e9 objevili hrob nahzehrera: „V hrob\u011b z XI. nebo XII. stolet\u00ed byla p\u0159es krk mrtv\u00e9ho polo\u017eena pa\u017en\u00ed kost pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed jin\u00e9mu mrtv\u00e9mu.“ Tato kost m\u011bla zabr\u00e1nit, aby poh\u0159ben\u00fd nemohl s\u00e1t energii \u017eiv\u00fdch sv\u00fdmi \u00fasty.“<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00f6sler a Alsdorf v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee v t\u011bchto kon\u010din\u00e1ch najdou v\u00edce podobn\u00fdch poh\u0159b\u016f. „V\u00edme, \u017ee v t\u011bchto m\u00edstech lid\u00e9 opravdu v\u011b\u0159ili v nemrtv\u00e9, a budeme hledat pravidla, kter\u00e1 byla v t\u00e9to oblasti pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na v poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech.“<\/em><\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/p>\n

(1) Maiello, Giuseppe: Vampyrismus v kulturn\u00edch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch Evropy. Nakl. LN, Praha 2005. http:\/\/www.databazeknih.cz\/knihy\/vampyrismus-v-kulturnich-dejinach-evropy-28728<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ludwig_Strackerjan<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) http:\/\/landkreis-stade.academia.edu\/DanielN%C3%B6sler<\/a><\/em>
\n(4) http:\/\/www.spiegel.de\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(5) http:\/\/www.dietrich-alsdorf.de\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(6) http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nachzehrer<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed lid\u00e9 up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee mrtv\u00ed mohou vst\u00e1vat ze sv\u00fdch hrob\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":363,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[69],"class_list":["post-511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-souvislosti","tag-upir"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/511","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=511"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/511\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":513,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/511\/revisions\/513"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/363"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=511"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=511"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=511"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}