{"id":591,"date":"2023-07-13T00:02:34","date_gmt":"2023-07-12T22:02:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=591"},"modified":"2023-07-23T01:19:58","modified_gmt":"2023-07-22T23:19:58","slug":"trepanace-lebky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/07\/13\/trepanace-lebky\/","title":{"rendered":"Trepanace lebky"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v\u00edce ne\u017e polovina otvor\u016f na nalezen\u00fdch lebk\u00e1ch z ran\u00e9 doby kamenn\u00e9 (3.000 \u2014 1.700 let p\u0159ed n.l.) byla zp\u016fsobena um\u011ble, operativn\u00edm z\u00e1krokem na \u017eiv\u00e9m pacientovi.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>O p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch a pr\u016fb\u011bhu takov\u00e9 odv\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 operace se m\u016f\u017eeme jen dohadovat.<\/p>\n<p>A p\u0159ece lze vid\u011bt, \u017ee pacient v\u011bt\u0161inou neobvyklou a nebezpe\u010dnou operaci p\u0159e\u017eil. Po smrti toti\u017e kost neroste, ani se nezajizvuje.<\/p>\n<p>Jak prob\u00edhala takov\u00e1 operace? Jak\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje m\u011bl k dispozici chirurg a co m\u00edrnilo pacientovu bolest?<br \/>\nCo vedlo pacienta i chirurga k tak velk\u00e9mu a nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu z\u00e1sahu?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-593\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cp_trepanace_lebky.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"224\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d tak velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed n\u00e1lez\u016f z ran\u00e9 doby kamenn\u00e9 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o trepanac\u00edch lebek?<\/p>\n<p>Nalezen\u00e9 lebky star\u00e9 n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc let n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee d\u00e1t odpov\u011b\u010f na tyto ot\u00e1zky jen z\u010d\u00e1sti.<\/p>\n<p>Nev\u00edme nic o druhu n\u00e1stroj\u016f, v\u00edme jen, \u017ee operace musela prob\u00edhat tak, aby p\u0159i odstran\u011bn\u00ed kost\u00ed nebyl po\u0161kozen mozek. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vyjmut\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed lebe\u010dn\u00ed kosti bylo nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, proto\u017ee jak\u00e9koliv zran\u011bn\u00ed v t\u011bchto m\u00edstech by m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek okam\u017eitou smrt pacienta.<\/p>\n<p>Z toho je mo\u017eno usuzovat, a sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom i stopy po trepanaci, \u017ee kosti byly sek\u00e1ny a \u0159ez\u00e1ny jen z\u0159\u00eddka, ale \u010dast\u011bji byly \u0161krab\u00e1ny zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed plochou \u0161krabkou na p\u0159edem vyzna\u010den\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b tak dlouho, a\u017e byla kost doslova pr\u016fsvitn\u00e1. Slupka, kter\u00e1 z\u016fstala, byla patrn\u011b vylomena. M\u011blo to tu v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee trepana\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj nemohl sklouznout p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 hluboko a po\u0161kodit mozkovou k\u016fru. Takov\u00e1 operace trvala jist\u011b n\u011bkolik hodin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dalo se to vydr\u017eet bez nark\u00f3zy?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Okraje trepanovan\u00fdch okraj\u016f hovo\u0159\u00ed pouze o tom, zda pacient b\u011bhem operace le\u017eel na z\u00e1dech, na b\u0159i\u0161e nebo na boku. O uti\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edch prost\u0159edc\u00edch se m\u016f\u017eeme jen dohadovat.<\/p>\n<p>Snad pou\u017e\u00edvali, tak jako n\u011bkter\u00e9 kmeny dodnes, v\u00fdta\u017ek\u016f a omamn\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u016f z rostlin. Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee operaci p\u0159edch\u00e1zela ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed pitka, p\u0159\u00ed n\u00ed\u017e nemocn\u00fd vypil velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u00e1lenky, nebo \u2014 a to je stejn\u011b pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 jako drastick\u00e9 \u2014 operace za\u010dala jednodu\u0161e bez umrtveni. Po n\u011bjak\u00e9 dob\u011b nastaly tak stra\u0161n\u00e9 bolesti, \u017ee operovan\u00fd s\u00e1m upadl do bezv\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Nic nev\u00edme ani o tom, \u010d\u00edm byla lebe\u010dn\u00ed kost nahrazena po operaci. Rozhodn\u011b to nebyly n\u00e1hra\u017eky tak trval\u00e9, aby p\u0159ekonaly tis\u00edcilet\u00ed. Mohla to b\u00fdt schr\u00e1nka z lebe\u010dn\u00ed kosti n\u011bkter\u00e9ho zem\u0159el\u00e9ho druha, nebo, co\u017e je nejsp\u00ed\u0161e pravda, byla p\u0159es mozkovou k\u016fru p\u0159eta\u017eena pouze k\u016f\u017ee. Podle n\u00e1zoru dr. Weickmanna se to p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt dalo. N\u011bjak\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00e9 zbytky kosti se v hrobech s trepanovan\u00fdmi lebkami nenalezly.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A motivy?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1sahy jsou pozoruhodn\u011b t\u00edm, \u017ee se omezovaly na ur\u010dit\u00e1, zcela \u00fazce vy\u010dlen\u011bn\u00e1 m\u00edsta. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det trepanac\u00ed se nal\u00e9z\u00e1 na lev\u00e9 polovin\u011b hlavy nad sp\u00e1nkovou kost\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed, men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st, m\u00e1 tut\u00e9\u017e podobu, ale je na prav\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti hlavy. T\u0159et\u00ed centrum je mo\u017eno lokalizovat do spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti prav\u00e9 temenn\u00ed kosti. Nev\u00edme sice, pro\u010d byla operov\u00e1na pr\u00e1v\u011b toto a ne jin\u00e1 m\u00edsta na hlav\u011b, jist\u00e9 v\u0161ak je, \u017ee chirurgy z doby kamenn\u00e9 vedla ur\u010dit\u00e1 p\u0159edstava.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Byl to zdravotn\u00ed stav?<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 motivy?<\/li>\n<li>Zvyklosti jen n\u011bkter\u00fdch kmen\u016f?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pro odpov\u011b\u010f si mus\u00edme doj\u00edt z \u010das\u016f minul\u00fdch a\u017e do ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 doby a srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed metodou se dobrat v\u00fdsledku. Je faktem, \u017ee nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det trepanac\u00ed spad\u00e1 do neolitick\u00e9 doby, ale net\u00fdk\u00e1 se v\u0161ech skupin obyvatelstva. Zat\u00edmco n\u011bkter\u00e9 kmeny d\u00e1valy p\u0159ednost trepanac\u00edm, pro jin\u00e9 byl tento zp\u016fsob zcela nezn\u00e1m\u00fd. Rovn\u011b\u017e operace lebek z doby bronzov\u00e9 (1700 a\u017e 700 let p\u0159ed n.l.), i kdy\u017e jsou je\u0161t\u011b \u010dast\u00e9, vykazuj\u00ed odli\u0161nosti, z nich\u017e je mo\u017eno usuzovat na rychl\u00e9 dozn\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto zp\u016fsobu l\u00e9\u010dby.<\/p>\n<p>K \u00famysln\u00e9mu, um\u011bl\u00e9mu po\u0161kozen\u00ed lebky za \u017eivota ur\u010dit\u00e9ho individua doch\u00e1zelo v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dob\u00e1ch u n\u011bkter\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f africk\u00fdch a americk\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<p>Shrnut\u00edm t\u011bchto zku\u0161enost\u00ed je mo\u017eno doj\u00edt k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee se jednalo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o d\u016fvody zdravotn\u00ed, i kdy\u017e v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech tu byly motivy n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e9mon\u016f a \u010f\u00e1bl\u016f z hlavy \u2014 pro jejich odchod musel b\u00fdt ud\u011bl\u00e1n otvor. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b se pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159i\u0161lo na to, \u017ee r\u016fzn\u00e9 chorobn\u00e9 jevy, jako bolesti hlavy, k\u0159e\u010de \u010di ochrnut\u00ed, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 poran\u011bn\u00edm hlavy ust\u00e1vaj\u00ed, jestli\u017ee se odstran\u00ed \u00falomky a od\u0161t\u011bpky a otvor z\u016fstane \u010dist\u00fd. To mohlo v\u00e9st k domn\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee je mo\u017eno l\u00e9\u010dit choroby s podobn\u00fdmi projevy umelou trepanac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee trepanace se d\u011blaly po jin\u00e9m \u00faraze hlavy, a n\u00e1sledkem tohoto zran\u011bn\u00ed se zvy\u0161oval lebe\u010dn\u00ed tlak s pr\u016fvodn\u00edmi, eventu\u00e1ln\u011b epileptick\u00fdmi z\u00e1chvaty. A to mohlo b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou dal\u0161\u00edho, tentokr\u00e1t um\u011bl\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu.<\/p>\n<p>Poopera\u010dn\u00ed stav m\u011bl u p\u0159edhistorick\u00fdch lid\u00ed p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 dobr\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh. Z n\u00e1lez\u016f je mo\u017eno usuzovat, \u017ee 88 procent pacient\u016f z\u00e1sahy p\u0159e\u017eilo, \u00ed kdy\u017e je dosti obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit, jak dlouho. Zhojen\u00fd trepanovan\u00fd otvor vypad\u00e1 toti\u017e po 10\u201415 letech p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u011b jako po 1\u20142 roc\u00edch. P\u0159esto se poda\u0159ilo na lebce jednoho star\u00e9ho mu\u017ee dok\u00e1zat, \u017ee trepanaci p\u0159e\u017eil nejm\u00e9n\u011b o 20 let.<\/p>\n<p>Nen\u00ed ale jasn\u00e9, pro\u010d se mezi trepanovan\u00fdmi t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nenach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u017eeny \u2014 93 procent trepanovan\u00fdch lebek jsou lebky mu\u017esk\u00e9; odm\u00edt\u00e1 v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f i o tom, pro\u010d byly tyto zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 a snad i \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy z doby kamenn\u00e9 postupn\u011b zavr\u017eeny a zapomenuty. Na to n\u00e1m zb\u00fdvaj\u00ed jen dohady.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v\u00edce ne\u017e polovina otvor\u016f na nalezen\u00fdch lebk\u00e1ch z ran\u00e9 doby kamenn\u00e9 (3.000 \u2014 1.700 let p\u0159ed n.l.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":563,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,12],"tags":[60,50,51],"class_list":["post-591","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veda","category-zdravi-2","tag-clovek","tag-mozek","tag-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/591","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=591"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/591\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":595,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/591\/revisions\/595"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/563"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=591"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=591"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=591"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}