{"id":612,"date":"2023-07-16T00:13:16","date_gmt":"2023-07-15T22:13:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=612"},"modified":"2023-08-20T04:22:19","modified_gmt":"2023-08-20T02:22:19","slug":"proc-lide-pri-reci-gestikuluji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/07\/16\/proc-lide-pri-reci-gestikuluji\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d lid\u00e9 p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di gestikuluj\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Gesta jako doprovod mluven\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di k pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s. Pro\u010d?<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Kdyby mu sv\u00e1zali ruce, tak se nedomluv\u00ed. T\u00edmto pon\u011bkud nelichotiv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edm\u011brem si bereme na mu\u0161ku osoby, kter\u00e9 to s gestikulac\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Gestikulace nen\u00ed jen pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdm m\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00edm rukou. M\u00e1 sv\u00e1 pravidla a zjevn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 obsahu mluven\u00e9ho slova a my\u0161lenk\u00e1m \u0159e\u010dn\u00edka. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee gesta dopl\u0148uj\u00ed a roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed poselstv\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di. Gestikulac\u00ed prov\u00e1zej\u00ed svou \u0159e\u010d p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f a i d\u011bti za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed gestikulovat je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e zvl\u00e1dnou \u0159e\u010d. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b se ale gestikulace \u0159e\u010dn\u00edk\u016f li\u0161\u00ed podle toho, jak\u00fdm jazykem hovo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdznamem gest rukou p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di se zab\u00fdval antropolog Desmond Morris (1) a do\u0161el k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee gesta dokresluj\u00ed obsah na\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u010di a \u010dasto prozrad\u00ed mnoh\u00e9 o my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 by mluv\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ed sv\u00fdmi poslucha\u010di velmi r\u00e1d utajil. M\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed za\u0165atou p\u011bst\u00ed je podle Desmonda Morrise zjevn\u00fdm projevem agresivity, stejn\u011b jako hroziv\u011b vzty\u010den\u00fd ukazov\u00e1\u010dek, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b ukazov\u00e1\u010dek nam\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd proti poslucha\u010d\u016fm. Pon\u011bkud men\u0161\u00ed m\u00edru agresivity mluv\u010d\u00edho prozrazuje jen nap\u016fl sev\u0159en\u00e1 p\u011bst. Ruka \u0159e\u010dn\u00edka p\u0159itom zauj\u00edm\u00e1 pozici, jako kdyby sv\u00edrala neviditelnou listinu. Toto gesto pr\u00fd prozrazuje \u010dlov\u011bka sice opatrn\u00e9ho, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 rozhodnut\u00e9ho tvrd\u011b prosadit vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1zory.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud chceme v \u0159e\u010di cosi d\u00e1le vysv\u011btlit nebo up\u0159esnit, sev\u0159eme palec a ukazov\u00e1\u010dek, jako kdybychom mezi nimi dr\u017eeli n\u011bco zcela mali\u010dk\u00e9ho. Gestikulace dlan\u00ed obr\u00e1cenou k zemi m\u00e1 poslucha\u010de uklidnit, gesto rukou obr\u00e1cenou naopak dlan\u00ed vzh\u016fru je prosebn\u00fdm v\u00fdrazem \u0159e\u010dn\u00edka do\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edho se pomoci poslucha\u010d\u016f. Pokud m\u00e1 \u0159e\u010dn\u00edk m\u00edrn\u011b pokr\u010den\u00e9 prsty rukou a dlan\u011b oto\u010deny k poslucha\u010d\u016fm, vyjad\u0159uje t\u00edm odm\u00edtnut\u00ed. P\u0159ijet\u00ed sv\u00fdch my\u0161lenek se \u0159e\u010dn\u00edk do\u017eaduje gestem, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m jakoby nazna\u010duje objet\u00ed poslucha\u010d\u016f. \u0160irok\u00fd rejst\u0159\u00edk gest m\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm politici. V dob\u011b nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch poradc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed politiky \u0161kol\u00ed, jak nejl\u00e9pe vystupovat na ve\u0159ejnosti, u\u017e ale p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt na jasnou \u0159e\u010d gest spolehnut\u00ed. Mnoz\u00ed politici u\u017e z\u0159ejm\u011b hraj\u00ed p\u0159ed poslucha\u010di jen pe\u010dliv\u011b nacvi\u010den\u00e9 pantomimick\u00e9 p\u0159edstaven\u00ed, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e stoj\u00ed na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b v\u00fdsledn\u00fd dojem, a nikoli skute\u010dn\u00e9 \u00famysly mluv\u010d\u00edho. Z t\u011bchto bezesporu zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch informac\u00ed ale nevy\u010dteme nic o skute\u010dn\u00fdch ko\u0159enech gestikulace lid\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di. Je gesto skute\u010dn\u011b jak\u00fdmsi \u0161ifrovan\u00fdm poselstv\u00edm? M\u00e1me gesta rukou p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di vrozena nebo se je u\u010d\u00edme v d\u011btstv\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm dosp\u011bl\u00fdch \u0159e\u010dn\u00edk\u016f?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gestikuluj\u00edc\u00ed nevidom\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Na americk\u00fdch univerzit\u00e1ch v Chicagu a Bloomingtonu prob\u011bhly pokusy, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly na tyto ot\u00e1zky p\u0159in\u00e9st odpov\u011b\u010f. V\u011bdci podrobili sledov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bti a mlad\u00e9 lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou od narozen\u00ed slep\u00ed. Nikdy tedy nevid\u011bli nikoho gestikulovat p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di, nem\u011bli \u0161anci se gesta rukou od nikoho nau\u010dit. Ameri\u010dt\u00ed v\u011bdci srovn\u00e1vali gestikulaci nevidom\u00fdch s gesty stejn\u011b star\u00fdch lid\u00ed se zdrav\u00fdm zrakem.<\/p>\n<p>Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee nevidom\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di gestikuluj\u00ed, a to zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd se v\u00fdrazn\u011bji neli\u0161\u00ed od gestikulace osob se zdrav\u00fdm zrakem. Platilo to nejen o \u010detnosti gest rukou prov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch mluven\u00fd projev, ale i o pou\u017eit\u00fdch gestech. Kdy\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad slepci vysv\u011btlovali postup p\u0159i p\u0159el\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed kapaliny z jedn\u00e9 n\u00e1doby do druh\u00e9, prov\u00e1zeli svou \u0159e\u010d stejn\u00fdm posunkem jako lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed vid\u00ed. Palcem a ukazov\u00e1\u010dkem ohnut\u00fdm do tvaru p\u00edsmene C nazna\u010dili, jak dr\u017e\u00ed sklenku, a naklon\u011bn\u00edm ruky prov\u00e1zeli v\u00fdklad o p\u0159el\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed tekutiny. Nevidom\u00e9 d\u011bti a mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9 tedy gestikuluj\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di bez toho, \u017ee by kdy p\u0159ed t\u00edm mohli vid\u011bt gesta jin\u00fdch osob.<\/p>\n<p>Je ale mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee nevidom\u00ed gestikuluj\u00ed proto, aby sd\u011blili ur\u010dit\u00e9 poselstv\u00ed vidouc\u00edmu poslucha\u010di? K ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed t\u00e9to my\u0161lenky vyu\u017eili v\u011bdci op\u011bt nevidom\u00fdch dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f. Nechali je na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b mluvit s jin\u00fdmi nevidom\u00fdmi a na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b i s lidmi se zdrav\u00fdm zrakem. Nevidom\u00ed ale prov\u00e1zeli svou \u0159e\u010d gestikulac\u00ed bez ohledu na to, zda hovo\u0159ili k slep\u00fdm nebo k lidem se zdrav\u00fdm zrakem. Jejich gestikulace tedy zjevn\u011b nen\u00ed projevem snahy podat poslucha\u010di dal\u0161\u00ed informace k mluven\u00e9mu slovu.<\/p>\n<p>Gestikulaci p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di m\u00e1me tedy &#8222;hloub\u011bji pod k\u016f\u017e\u00ed&#8220;, ne\u017e jsme se domn\u00edvali. Je ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u010di. Gestikulace nen\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u011b v\u016fbec ur\u010dena poslucha\u010di, i kdy\u017e z n\u00ed poslucha\u010d m\u016f\u017ee vyvodit ledacos o obsahu \u0159e\u010di i \u00famyslech \u0159e\u010dn\u00edka. Gesta rukou z\u0159ejm\u011b odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed na\u0161e my\u0161len\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159e\u010di a s vysokou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed s pomoc\u00ed gest uvol\u0148ujeme tok my\u0161lenek ve sv\u00e9m mozku. R\u010den\u00ed o sv\u00e1zan\u00e9m \u0159e\u010dn\u00edkovi, kter\u00fd se bez mo\u017enosti prov\u00e1zet slova gesty nedomluv\u00ed, tedy nen\u00ed daleko od pravdy a v ur\u010dit\u00e9m slova smyslu plat\u00ed pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z n\u00e1s.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(1) <a href=\"http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmond_Morris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmond_Morris<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Archiv CP<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gesta jako doprovod mluven\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di k pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s. Pro\u010d?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":268,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,5],"tags":[24],"class_list":["post-612","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nazory","category-souvislosti","tag-rec"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/612","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=612"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/612\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":613,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/612\/revisions\/613"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/268"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=612"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=612"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}