{"id":620,"date":"2023-07-20T00:53:02","date_gmt":"2023-07-19T22:53:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=620"},"modified":"2023-07-28T03:00:32","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T01:00:32","slug":"vyzkum-jasnovidnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/07\/20\/vyzkum-jasnovidnosti\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdzkum jasnovidnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>V roce 2010 seri\u00f3zn\u00ed \u010dasopis &#8222;Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed psychologie a osobnosti&#8220; (1) po mnoha zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch zve\u0159ejnil \u010dl\u00e1nek v\u011bdc\u016f o jasnovidnosti.<\/strong><!--more--><br \/>\n<strong>T\u0159i procenta&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Autor \u010dl\u00e1nku &#8211; psycholog <em>Daryl Bem<\/em> (2) z Cornell University \u00acpopsal sv\u00e9 experimenty, kter\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bl po osm let. A dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru: \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edv\u00eddat budoucnost a na jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed ud\u00e1losti, ke kter\u00fdm je\u0161t\u011b nedo\u0161lo.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdzkum\u016f Daryla Bema se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo p\u0159es tis\u00edc dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Jako z\u00e1klad si vzal zn\u00e1m\u00fd experiment, potvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed existenci tzv. penetrace.<\/p>\n<p>Podstata je jednoduch\u00e1. Zkou\u0161en\u00e9mu se uk\u00e1\u017ee p\u011bkn\u00fd obr\u00e1zek. Nap\u0159\u00edklad zelen\u00e1 louka s b\u00edl\u00fdmi ove\u010dkami. Ale p\u0159edt\u00edm se na obrazovce uk\u00e1\u017ee n\u011bjak\u00e9 negativn\u00ed slovo. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, <em>&#8222;nechutn\u00e9.&#8220;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>V dal\u0161\u00ed s\u00e9rii experiment\u016f, radostn\u00fdm obr\u00e1zk\u016fm p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed &#8222;p\u011bkn\u00e1&#8220; slova jako &#8222;kr\u00e1sa&#8220;, &#8222;kouzlo&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p>Reakce v\u011bt\u0161iny dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: po \u201e\u0161patn\u00fdch\u201c slovech, jim trv\u00e1 mnohem v\u00edce \u010dasu, aby ozna\u010dili p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd obr\u00e1zek za p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd. A po &#8222;dobr\u00fdch&#8220; slovech &#8211; je odpov\u011b\u010f rychlej\u0161\u00ed. A to je priming &#8211; nebo tzv. p\u0159ednastaven\u00ed, uzn\u00e1no psychology.<\/p>\n<p><em>Daryl Bem<\/em> experiment obr\u00e1til.<\/p>\n<p>Dobrovoln\u00edk\u016fm nejprve uk\u00e1zal obr\u00e1zek, kter\u00fd m\u011bli ohodnotit. A teprve po ohodnocen\u00ed se na obrazovce objevilo &#8222;\u0161patn\u00e9&#8220; nebo &#8222;dobr\u00e9&#8220; slovo.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed dobrovoln\u00edci str\u00e1vili v\u00edce \u010dasu, aby ocenili obraz jako p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd, jin\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b. Stejn\u011b jako v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm experimentu.<\/p>\n<p>Podivn\u00e9 v\u0161ak bylo, \u017ee pokud po p\u011bkn\u00e9m obr\u00e1zku n\u00e1sledovalo o\u0161kliv\u00e9 slovo, ocen\u011bn\u00ed obr\u00e1zku trvalo d\u00e9le. Ale to nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt.<\/p>\n<p>To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee budouc\u00ed ud\u00e1losti ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed to, co se d\u011bje v sou\u010dasnosti.<\/p>\n<p>V jin\u00e9m experimentu dobrovoln\u00edk\u016fm uk\u00e1zali l\u00edstek se spoustou slov. Za hodinu si na n\u011b m\u011bli vzpomenout a napsat je.<\/p>\n<p>Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee ne ka\u017ed\u00fd si je pamatoval. A ne najednou.<\/p>\n<p>Experiment skon\u010dil t\u00edm, \u017ee dobrovoln\u00edk\u016fm se uk\u00e1zala n\u011bkter\u00e1 slova z prvn\u00edho seznamu, n\u00e1hodn\u011b vybr\u00e1na a uk\u00e1zan\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem.<\/p>\n<p>A uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee tato vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 slova si dobrovoln\u00edci vybavuj\u00ed rychleji, ne\u017e nevyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud by v\u0161e byla jen n\u00e1hoda, pak p\u0159i opakuj\u00edc\u00edm se experimentech byl v\u00fdsledek 50 ku 50.<\/p>\n<p>Je to stejn\u00e9, jako kdy\u017e del\u0161\u00ed dobu h\u00e1\u017eeme minc\u00ed a zkoum\u00e1me, co bude padat &#8211; panna nebo orel. Ale v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci dostali 46,9 ku 53,1.<\/p>\n<p>Ve sv\u00fdch experimentech, 53,1 procent p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f (nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u011bkn\u00fd obr\u00e1zek &#8211; prodlou\u017een\u00fd \u010das na jeho ocen\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 a n\u00e1sledovalo \u201e\u0161patn\u00e9\u201c slovo \u2013 jej\u00ed odhad pouk\u00e1zal na existenci fenom\u00e9nu jasnoz\u0159ivosti nebo v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Celkem &#8211; 3 procenta z\u00e1zraku. A to je pom\u011brn\u011b hodn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Podobn\u00e9 experimenty, jak\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bl <em>Bem,<\/em> \u0159e\u0161ili v\u011bdci z<em> Moskevsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed univerzity.<\/em> (3)<\/p>\n<p>\u201ePravd\u011bpodobn\u011b mnoz\u00ed lid\u00e9 pozorovali jednu podivnost, kter\u00e1 se \u010dasto vyskytuje v na\u0161ich snech,\u201c vysv\u011btluje my\u0161lenku in\u017een\u00fdr, zaslou\u017eil\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezce Ruska, \u010dlen vojensk\u00e9 katedry Moskevsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed univerzity <em>Jevgenij Rodimin.<\/em> (4)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u201eNap\u0159\u00edklad, sn\u00edte, \u017ee s n\u011bk\u00fdm mluv\u00edte. Najednou spolubesedn\u00edk vyb\u00edh\u00e1 z m\u00edstnosti a hlasit\u011b bouchne dve\u0159mi. Probud\u00edte se od zvuku a zjist\u00edte, \u017ee n\u011bkdo z rodinn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f, skute\u010dn\u011b zabouchl za sebou dve\u0159e.\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201eNebo dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad: ve snu sed\u00edte za volantem automobilu, oto\u010d\u00edte kl\u00ed\u010dkem v zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed, a &#8230; probud\u00ed v\u00e1s zvuk motoru. A venku za oknem proj\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed popel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u016fz. A tak d\u00e1le.<\/p>\n<p>A uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee ud\u00e1lost \u2013 bouchnut\u00ed, hluk motoru \u2013 se je\u0161t\u011b nestala, ale v\u00e1\u0161 mozek ji\u017e napsal sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh ve snu.<\/p>\n<p>Tento fenom\u00e9n jsem se rozhodl prozkoumat, a ulo\u017eil jsem dobrovoln\u00edky ke sp\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00edme, \u017ee sny, kter\u00e9 vid\u00edme, vznikaj\u00ed ve f\u00e1z\u00edch tzv. &#8222;rychl\u00e9ho sp\u00e1nku&#8220; (REM). (5) Trvaj\u00ed 10 &#8211; 20 minut a st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed se s f\u00e1z\u00ed &#8222;pomal\u00e9ho sp\u00e1nku,&#8220; kdy se n\u00e1m nic nezd\u00e1. Ve chv\u00edl\u00edch &#8222;REM&#8220; aktivita mozkov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti vzr\u016fst\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i experimentu byli dobrovoln\u00edci kontrolov\u00e1ni elektroencefalografem.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e bylo vid\u011bt, \u017ee nastoupila f\u00e1ze &#8222;REM&#8220;, sp\u00edc\u00edho probudili.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se probudil, okam\u017eit\u011b diktoval do protokolu, co se mu zd\u00e1lo.<\/p>\n<p>Trik byl v tom, \u017ee p\u0159esn\u011b 30 sekund pot\u00e9, co u pokusn\u00e9 osoby nastoupila f\u00e1ze \u201eREM&#8220;, byl za pomoci gener\u00e1toru n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel zapnut zvukov\u00fd gener\u00e1tor.<\/p>\n<p>Ten vyvolal n\u011bjak\u00fd zvuk \u2013 rachot nebo hluk tekouc\u00ed vody. Ani pokusn\u00e9 osoby, ani experiment\u00e1to\u0159i nemohli p\u0159edem v\u011bd\u011bt, jak\u00fd zvuk se bude p\u0159ehr\u00e1vat.<\/p>\n<p>Zde jsou v\u00fdsledky: 58 procent pokusn\u00fdch osob prok\u00e1zalo prorock\u00fd dar.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ed zvukem rachotu se jim zd\u00e1lo o v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch s v\u00fdbuchy, automobilov\u00fdch honi\u010dk\u00e1ch a st\u0159\u00edlen\u00ed, o t\u011b\u017eb\u011b d\u0159eva a rachotu padaj\u00edc\u00edch strom\u016f, atd. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zvuku tekouc\u00ed vody, snili o vodop\u00e1dech, bou\u0159i na mo\u0159i, de\u0161ti.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledky byly tedy je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e u profesora <em>Bema.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201eExperiment poskytuje z\u00e1klad pro tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee mozek sp\u00edc\u00edho \u010dlov\u011bka je citliv\u00fd na jak\u00e9koliv sign\u00e1ly, nesouc\u00ed informace z budoucnosti,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Rodimin.<\/p>\n<p>Mimochodem, u\u017e v roce 1970, slavn\u00fd profesor, astrofyzik <em>Nikolaj Kozyrev<\/em> (6) v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee minulost, p\u0159\u00edtomnost a budoucnost &#8211; je n\u011bco jako film.<\/p>\n<p>Obvykle vid\u00edme ten moment, kter\u00fd se prom\u00edt\u00e1 na pl\u00e1tno. Ale na filmu jsou u\u017e obrazy v\u0161ech sc\u00e9n. A je mo\u017en\u00e9 k nim n\u011bkdy otev\u0159\u00edt p\u0159\u00edstup\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(1) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\u00ae. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\/pubs\/journals\/psp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.apa.org\/pubs\/journals\/psp\/<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>(2) <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daryl_Bem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daryl_Bem<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(3) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.msu.ru\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.msu.ru\/<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(4) <a href=\"http:\/\/parnasse.ru\/users\/rodimin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/parnasse.ru\/users\/rodimin<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(5) <a href=\"http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/REM_f%C3%A1ze_sp%C3%A1nku\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/REM_f%C3%A1ze_sp%C3%A1nku<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(6) <a href=\"http:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V roce 2010 seri\u00f3zn\u00ed \u010dasopis &#8222;Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed psychologie a osobnosti&#8220; (1) po mnoha zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch zve\u0159ejnil \u010dl\u00e1nek v\u011bdc\u016f o jasnovidnosti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":199,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,13],"tags":[33],"class_list":["post-620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-souvislosti","category-zazitky","tag-esp"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/620","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=620"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/620\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":621,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/620\/revisions\/621"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=620"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=620"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=620"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}