{"id":75,"date":"2023-03-18T19:12:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-18T18:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=75"},"modified":"2023-03-18T20:56:47","modified_gmt":"2023-03-18T19:56:47","slug":"jak-je-to-se-stigmaty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/03\/18\/jak-je-to-se-stigmaty\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak je to se stigmaty?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Stigmata \u2013 tyto podivn\u00e9 \u201er\u00e1ny Kristovy\u201c jsou trvalou z\u00e1hadou, prov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anskou kulturu u\u017e n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Jde skute\u010dn\u011b o nevysv\u011btliteln\u00fd jev, a nebo existuje skute\u010dn\u00e1, l\u00e9ka\u0159sky objasniteln\u00e1, p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina jejich v\u00fdskytu?<\/p>\n<p>Term\u00edn stigma poch\u00e1z\u00ed z latiny (stigmata je mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo od slova stigma), znamenal p\u016fvodn\u011b mate\u0159sk\u00e9 znam\u00e9nko, jizvu, zna\u010dku (tetov\u00e1n\u00ed) na t\u011ble.<\/p>\n<p>Toto slovo v\u0161ak postupem \u010dasu z\u00edskalo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd obsah, spojen\u00fd s ranami, kter\u00e9 Kristus utr\u017eil p\u0159i sv\u00e9m uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, a kter\u00e9 se na \u010dlov\u011bka p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed vrouc\u00ed modlitbou.<\/p>\n<p>Do soupisu ran, spojen\u00fdch s utrpen\u00edm Krista, pat\u0159\u00ed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2022 dlan\u011b nebo z\u00e1p\u011bst\u00ed a chodidla, probodnut\u00fdm h\u0159eby;<\/li>\n<li>\u2022 bok, probodnut\u00fd \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm kop\u00edm;<\/li>\n<li>\u2022 z\u00e1da a ramena, po\u0161kozen\u00e9 bi\u010dem a no\u0161en\u00edm k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee,<\/li>\n<li>\u2022 d\u00e1le \u010delo, po\u0161kozen\u00e9 vpichy z trnov\u00e9 koruny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00edce ne\u017e 700 let byly hl\u00e1\u0161eny p\u0159\u00edpady t\u011bchto zjevn\u011b spont\u00e1nn\u011b se objevuj\u00edc\u00edch znak\u016f na t\u011ble.<\/p>\n<p>Nen\u00ed vylou\u010deno, \u017ee mnohdy \u0161lo um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 napodobov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto znak\u016f. Vznikaly tak\u00e9 masov\u00e1 hnut\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch komunit, ve snaze vid\u011bt tyto \u201ez\u00e1zraky\u201c. P\u0159esto\u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed stigmatizovan\u00ed jedinci byli vy\u0161et\u0159eni l\u00e9ka\u0159i, jejich z\u00e1v\u011bry byly omezeny nedostatkem nezbytn\u00fdch dopl\u0148kov\u00fdch vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed, nebo takov\u00e1 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed byla p\u0159edem zapov\u011bzena, a\u0165 u\u017e samotn\u00fdmi akt\u00e9ry nebo c\u00edrkevn\u00edmi hodnost\u00e1\u0159i. P\u0159\u00edstup k jevu byl tak\u00e9 z\u00e1visl\u00fd na vlastn\u00edm n\u00e1zoru a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka.<\/p>\n<p>M\u016f\u017ee se vyskytovat ale i spont\u00e1nn\u00ed povaha t\u011bchto l\u00e9z\u00ed? V tom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by jev byl slu\u010diteln\u00fd s l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdm podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00edm jejich v\u00fdskytu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stigmata v historii<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Poprava zlo\u010dinc\u016f uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm byla praktikov\u00e1na v \u0158\u00edm\u011b je\u0161t\u011b \u010dty\u0159i stolet\u00ed po \u00fadajn\u00e9 smrti Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista. Ale s v\u00fdjimkou biblick\u00e9ho \u00faryvku <em>(Gal, 6,17: \u201eA\u0165 u\u017e m\u011b s t\u00edm nad\u00e1le nikdo neobt\u011b\u017euje. Jizvy na m\u00e9m t\u011ble jsou znamen\u00edm, \u017ee pat\u0159\u00edm Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i.\u201c)<\/em>, kter\u00fd nazna\u010duje, \u017ee by apo\u0161tol Pavel mohl b\u00fdt prvn\u00ed, kdo p\u0159ijal znamen\u00ed umu\u010den\u00ed Krista, nebylo stigma zm\u00edn\u011bno ani na Z\u00e1pad\u011b, ani na V\u00fdchod\u011b, a to a\u017e do po\u010d\u00e1tku t\u0159in\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Prvn\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm stigmatikem byl svat\u00fd Franti\u0161ek z Assisi (1182-1226), u kter\u00e9ho se stigmata poprv\u00e9 objevila v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1224. T\u011bchto \u201ep\u011bt znamen\u00ed Krista\u201c bylo objeveno a\u017e po jeho smrti. N\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f, rovn\u011b\u017e poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch ze 13. stolet\u00ed, popisuje podobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady lid\u00ed, vykazuj\u00edc\u00edch znamen\u00ed Kristova umu\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd je z\u00e1v\u011br jedn\u00e1n\u00ed provin\u010dn\u00edho synodu arcibiskupa z Canterbury, kter\u00fd se se\u0161el v Oxfordu v roce 1222. Ten byl nucen \u0159e\u0161it tento podivn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad: jak\u00fdsi laik dostal stigmata a ukazoval jizvy z p\u011bti ran a za\u010dal se naz\u00fdvat Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161. Jeho druh se vyd\u00e1val za Marii, matku Krista.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edpad byl uzn\u00e1n jako rouha\u010dsk\u00fd podvod, doprov\u00e1zen\u00fd zvr\u00e1cenou zvrhlost\u00ed (homosexualita byla trestn\u00e1) a pachatel\u00e9 byli odsouzeni k do\u017eivotn\u00edmu v\u011bzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Mark\u00fdz Robert de Montferrand, dauphin z Auvergne, se s\u00e1m stigmatizoval zatlouk\u00e1n\u00edm h\u0159eb\u00edk\u016f do masa, aby za\u010dal krv\u00e1cet.<\/p>\n<p>A kone\u010dn\u011b ve stejn\u00fdch letech je zmi\u0148ov\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edpad mnicha, na jeho\u017e \u010dele byl vtisknut znak v podob\u011b k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee, mo\u017en\u00e1 vytvo\u0159en\u00fd tak\u00e9 jen z \u010dist\u011b materi\u00e1ln\u00edch motiv\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Tato sv\u011bdectv\u00ed ilustruj\u00ed zm\u011bnu stavu mysli v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch, a nov\u00fd proud n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed v \u0159\u00edmskokatolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi, kter\u00fd je definov\u00e1n ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00edm se s trp\u00edc\u00edm Kristem, n\u011bkdy za cenu dobrovoln\u00e9ho zmrza\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a sebepo\u0161kozen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Stigmata svat\u00e9ho Franti\u0161ka z Assisi byla pape\u017estv\u00edm rychle uzn\u00e1na, navzdory odporu mal\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti kl\u00e9ru, kter\u00e1 v nich nach\u00e1zela dokonce n\u00e1znaky kac\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed!<\/p>\n<p>B\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch 700 let bylo celosv\u011btov\u011b zaznamen\u00e1no asi 300 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f stigmatizace.<\/p>\n<p>Naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina stigmatizovan\u00fdch byli v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed katol\u00edci, \u010dasto spojovan\u00ed s franti\u0161k\u00e1nskou nebo dominik\u00e1nskou tradic\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1908 byl publikov\u00e1n dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehled, kter\u00fd publikoval Imber-Gurber. Ten zjistil, \u017ee 229 ze v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kter\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017edil, se vyskytlo v It\u00e1lii, a zbytek p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f poch\u00e1zel z Francie, \u0160pan\u011blska a Portugalska, co\u017e odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v\u00e1hu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho a \u201est\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho\u201c katolicismu v historii stigmat.<\/p>\n<p>Stigmata z\u016fstala v Severn\u00ed Americe zcela nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 a\u017e do roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed katolicismu ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech.<\/p>\n<p>Jen\u017ee k p\u0159ijet\u00ed stigmat v\u0161ak nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 vyzn\u00e1vat \u0159\u00edmskokatolickou v\u00edru. Ve dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed byli stigmatizov\u00e1ni lid\u00e9 i jin\u00fdch vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed a z jin\u00fdch kontinent\u016f (Amerika, Austr\u00e1lie). Stigmata postihuje lidi v\u0161ech v\u011bkov\u00fdch kategori\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na v\u0161ak \u017eeny (do roku 1938 bylo stigmatizov\u00e1no pouze 41 mu\u017e\u016f).<\/p>\n<p>Ze stigmatizovan\u00fdch se \u010dasto st\u00e1vaj\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u011b izolovan\u00ed lid\u00e9, \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed jako poustevn\u00edci nebo v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 komunit\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Historick\u00e1 obdob\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch je hl\u00e1\u0161eno mnoho stigmat, stejn\u011b jako dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti (nap\u0159\u00edklad zjeven\u00ed Panny Marie), \u010dasto odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed okam\u017eik\u016fm soci\u00e1ln\u00edch katastrof nebo n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch konflikt\u016f ve spole\u010dnosti. A kone\u010dn\u011b, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed stigmatizovan\u00ed lid\u00e9 vykazuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9 biografii sp\u00ed\u0161e stereotypn\u00ed chronologii: v\u00fdskyt nevysv\u011btliteln\u00fdch a \u201enel\u00e9\u010diteln\u00fdch\u201c symptom\u016f, po nich\u017e n\u00e1sleduje spont\u00e1nn\u00ed \u201ez\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9\u201c vyl\u00e9\u010den\u00ed, a pot\u00e9 v\u00fdskyt stigmat ve druh\u00e9 f\u00e1zi. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich se staly p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho klinick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Co jsou stigmata?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201eStigmata\u201c je spont\u00e1nn\u00ed v\u00fdskyt mod\u0159in, stop po \u00faderech nebo v\u00fdprasku a krv\u00e1cen\u00ed z pa\u017e\u00ed, nohou, obli\u010deje, zad a nebo bok\u016f. L\u00e9ze se vyskytuj\u00ed za nep\u0159\u00edtomnosti z\u00e1n\u011btu nebo zn\u00e1mek infekce. Topografie, kter\u00e1 ur\u010duje um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed stigmat na t\u011ble, v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nep\u0159esn\u00e1. Po\u010det l\u00e9z\u00ed, jejich velikost a lokalizace se u ka\u017ed\u00e9 stigmatizovan\u00e9 osoby li\u0161\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad po\u0161kozen\u00ed prav\u00e9 strany, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 Kristu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm kop\u00edm, se objevilo na prav\u00e9 stran\u011b svat\u00e9ho Franti\u0161ka z Assisi, ale na lev\u00e9 stran\u011b otce Pia.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed vysv\u011btluj\u00ed tuto variaci ment\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikac\u00ed mezi Kristem tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 a stigmatizovan\u00fdm, d\u00edky tomu se r\u00e1na z prav\u00e9 strany p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed na levou. Nav\u00edc, vych\u00e1zeje z prac\u00ed francouzsk\u00e9ho chirurga Pierra Barbeta (1884-1961), je obecn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1no, \u017ee pro uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo nutn\u00e9 prob\u00edt horn\u00ed kon\u010detiny h\u0159eby na \u00farovni z\u00e1p\u011bst\u00ed, nikoli uprost\u0159ed dlan\u00ed, na rozd\u00edl od v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed a mnoha um\u011bleck\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed umu\u010den\u00ed Kristov\u00fdch z jednoduch\u00fdch fyzick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f (dlan\u011b se trhaj\u00ed pod t\u00edhou t\u011bla). Pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 anatomy je v\u0161ak toto t\u00e9ma st\u00e1le p\u0159edm\u011btem diskuse. Nav\u00edc d\u00edky existenci mnoha zp\u016fsob\u016f uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v dob\u011b Krista (r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee, polohy t\u011bla na k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, mo\u017enost seda\u010dky, mo\u017enost p\u0159iv\u00e1zat ke k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei i ruce a pot\u00e9 je prob\u00edt h\u0159eby, atd.), st\u00e1le nelze p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit, jak byl Kristus uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e se Barbeteho pr\u00e1ce stala \u0161iroce zn\u00e1mou, nebyla zji\u0161t\u011bna \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 stigmatizovan\u00e1 osoba, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla poran\u011bna z\u00e1p\u011bst\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Stigmatizovan\u00ed nemaj\u00ed neust\u00e1le aktivn\u00ed v\u0161echna znamen\u00ed na sv\u00e9m t\u011ble, nebo se u nich \u010dasem mohou vyvinout nov\u00e9 l\u00e9ze. Rychlost krv\u00e1cen\u00ed je tak\u00e9 variabiln\u00ed. Stigmata mohou sledovat denn\u00ed rytmus nebo ur\u010ditou chronologii (ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u00e1tek, ur\u010dit\u00fd p\u00e1tek), nebo se objevovat ka\u017ed\u00e9 Velikonoce, nebo dokonce sledovat menstrua\u010dn\u00ed cyklus. Ko\u017en\u00ed projevy se pohybuj\u00ed od lokalizovan\u00e9 bolesti p\u0159es jizvy a izolovan\u00e9 purpury a\u017e po hemoragick\u00e9 puch\u00fd\u0159e, vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159evaz. Po\u010det l\u00e9z\u00ed na t\u011ble se tak\u00e9 li\u0161\u00ed od jedn\u00e9 do asi tuctu. P\u0159\u00edznaky stigmatizace jsou n\u011bkdy doprov\u00e1zeny stavy transu a extatick\u00fdch kriz\u00ed a tak\u00e9 sebeomezen\u00edm ve v\u00fd\u017eiv\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stigmata z l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho hlediska<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e prvn\u00ed poloviny dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se o fenom\u00e9n stigmat projevil neb\u00fdval\u00fd z\u00e1jem, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pot\u00e9, kdy\u017e v 19. stolet\u00ed bylo pops\u00e1no asi t\u0159icet p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech vznikla stigmata ze zran\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 si stigmatizovan\u00ed sami zp\u016fsobili &#8211; a\u0165 u\u017e dobrovoln\u011b za \u00fa\u010delem materi\u00e1ln\u00edho zisku, \u010di v mystick\u00fdch klamech, nebo dokonce nev\u011bdom\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edpady, kter\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159i pova\u017eovali a uznali za \u201espolehliv\u00e9\u201c, tedy bez vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pozorovan\u00fdch zran\u011bn\u00ed, pos\u00edlila spekulace spojen\u00e9 se stigmaty. Ale vylou\u010den\u00ed vlivu vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch faktor\u016f, toti\u017e sebepo\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed, v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nevylu\u010duje mo\u017enost existence jin\u00e9ho vysv\u011btliteln\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu vzniku stigmat.<\/p>\n<p>Nav\u00edc star\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady nemohly b\u00fdt p\u0159edm\u011btem dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00fd je dnes mo\u017en\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Badatel\u00e9 brzy nastolili ot\u00e1zku, jakou roli hraje psychika a tedy projevy \u201epsychosomatismu\u201c p\u0159i vzniku stigmat. Klinick\u00e9 popisy n\u011bkter\u00fdch stigmatist\u016f, jako byla Teresa Neumannov\u00e1 z Konnersreuthu, jsou skute\u010dn\u011b ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro hysterick\u00e9 konverze, krize kombinovan\u00e9 s vysokou sugestibilitou (amaur\u00f3za, hluchota, neschopnost chodit).<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci nav\u00edc odli\u0161ili \u201en\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 stigmata\u201c od \u201estigmat, kter\u00e1 se vyskytuj\u00ed mimo jak\u00fdkoli n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd kontext\u201c. Fenom\u00e9n \u201estigmatizace\u201c toti\u017e n\u011bkdy postihuje i nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed. Tato nen\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 stigmata jsou v\u0161ak spojena s velmi specifick\u00fdmi stresov\u00fdmi situacemi.<br \/>\nV roce 1943 se vyskytl p\u0159\u00edpad 31let\u00e9ho mu\u017ee, trp\u00edc\u00edho oidipovsk\u00fdm komplexem, u kter\u00e9ho se b\u011bhem pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u0159ikr\u00e1t rozvinulo palm\u00e1rn\u00ed krv\u00e1cen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se v\u017edy vyskytovalo v situac\u00edch, kter\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1valy \u00fazkost a p\u0159ipom\u00ednaly mu jeho komplex. Krom\u011b toho se vyskytly p\u0159\u00edpady dvou lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed krv\u00e1celi na stejn\u00fdch m\u00edstech, jako lid\u00e9 v jejich okol\u00ed: v prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sestra, kter\u00e1 vid\u011bla, jak byl jej\u00ed bratr t\u011b\u017ece bit, reprodukovala&#8220; krv\u00e1cen\u00ed sv\u00e9ho bratra na stejn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, a ve druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b osoba, kter\u00e1 byla sv\u011bdkem boje mezi dv\u011bma voj\u00e1ky, dostala krv\u00e1cej\u00edc\u00ed r\u00e1ny na stejn\u00fdch m\u00edstech jako jeden z voj\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Medic\u00ednsk\u00e9 pokroky ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed a zlep\u0161en\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o pacienty zna\u010dn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eily po\u010det \u201enevysv\u011btliteln\u00fdch stigmatist\u016f\u201c. Ale n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady, v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u00fdm klinick\u00fdm obrazem a dodnes m\u00e1lo pochopen\u00e9, poukazuj\u00ed na souvislosti mezi psychikou, stresem a somatikou, a mohou vysv\u011btlit, kdy\u017e ne v\u0161echny, tak alespo\u0148 ur\u010ditou \u010d\u00e1st \u201eautentick\u00fdch\u201c p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f stigmatizace.<\/p>\n<p>Pod\u00edvejme se na n\u011bkter\u00e9 dnes zn\u00e1m\u00e9 diagn\u00f3zy, kter\u00e9 mohou s t\u00e9matem stigmatizace souviset.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Patomimie a dal\u0161\u00ed zran\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 si lid\u00e9 sami zp\u016fsob\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Prvn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady \u201esebevytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed stigmat\u201c se datuj\u00ed do doby pr\u00e1v\u011b prvn\u00edho stigmatika &#8211; svat\u00e9ho Franti\u0161ka z Assisi, kter\u00fd \u017eil ve 13. stolet\u00ed.<br \/>\nV Braz\u00edlii se vyskytl p\u0159\u00edpadu 42let\u00e9ho mu\u017ee, kter\u00fd vyhledal l\u00e9ka\u0159e kv\u016fli nepravideln\u00fdm, nebolestiv\u00fdm l\u00e9z\u00edm na dlan\u00edch v r\u016fzn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch hojen\u00ed, o velikosti od 4 do 6 cm a vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch p\u011bti m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Pacient trp\u011bl diagn\u00f3zou patomimie (sebepo\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee v d\u016fsledku du\u0161evn\u00ed poruchy), teatr\u00e1ln\u011b vstal, aby vysv\u011btlil, \u017ee byl po\u017eehn\u00e1n Bohem, skrze znamen\u00ed Kristova. Pacient nem\u011bl \u017e\u00e1dnou psychiatrickou anamn\u00e9zu, ale jeho man\u017eelka potvrdila, \u017ee se jej\u00ed man\u017eel sebepo\u0161kozoval kapesn\u00edm no\u017eem. Je v\u0161ak pravda, \u017ee takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady jsou v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e pops\u00e1ny velmi z\u0159\u00eddka.<\/p>\n<p>Mohou se tak\u00e9 vyskytovat snahy o sebepo\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u010d\u00ed, aby se vyvolala hemolakrie &#8211; uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed krve spolu se slzami. D\u00e1le se m\u016f\u017ee k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed podvodn\u00fdch stigmat pou\u017e\u00edt krev, z\u00edskan\u00e1 z jin\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti t\u011bla, nebo ze zv\u00ed\u0159ete, nebo pou\u017e\u00edt barviva.<\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee i kdy\u017e je stanovena diagn\u00f3za patomimie a symptomy po specializovan\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010db\u011b vymiz\u00ed, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zp\u016fsob zp\u016fsoben\u00ed l\u00e9z\u00ed n\u011bkdy pro o\u0161et\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho l\u00e9ka\u0159e z\u00e1hadou.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Syndrom bolestiv\u00fdch mod\u0159in<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Syndrom bolestiv\u00fdch mod\u0159in (Gardner\u016fv-Diamond\u016fv syndrom nebo DGS, syndrom autoerytrocyt\u00e1rn\u00ed senzibilizace nebo psychogenn\u00ed purpura) je charakterizov\u00e1n v\u00fdskytem bolestiv\u00fdch otok\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vyvinou do mod\u0159in b\u011bhem 24 hodin, bez doprovodn\u00fdch pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed. Postihuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm adolescenty a mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny, po psychick\u00e9m stresu se ob\u010das vyskytuje u mu\u017e\u016f a d\u011bt\u00ed. Nevyvinou se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 l\u00e9ze, a\u017e na n\u011bkolik v\u00fdjimek.<br \/>\nJednou z charakteristik tohoto druhu onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je psycho-emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed stav pacienta. Pro \u0159adu odborn\u00edk\u016f je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 krit\u00e9rium pro tento syndrom. Pacienti, trp\u00edc\u00ed t\u00edmto syndromem maj\u00ed hysterick\u00e9 povahov\u00e9 rysy, emo\u010dn\u00ed labilitu a n\u011bkdy a\u017e masochistick\u00e9 sklony. Byla tak\u00e9 prok\u00e1z\u00e1na jejich zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 sugestibilita a n\u00e1chylnost k hypn\u00f3ze.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e9\u010dba syndromu je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1, proto\u017ee zp\u016fsob l\u00e9\u010dby nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m. Mnoho l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch postup\u016f bylo vyzkou\u0161eno bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho \u00fasp\u011bchu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00edch poruch (\u00fazkostn\u00e9, depresivn\u00ed stavy aj.) je mo\u017en\u00e1 jen pomoc psychologick\u00e1, psychiatrick\u00e1 a dokonce i hypnoterapeutick\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Z\u00e1stupn\u00e1 menstruace<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1stupn\u00e1 menstruace je cyklick\u00e9 mimogenit\u00e1ln\u00ed krv\u00e1cen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se u \u017een vyskytuje sou\u010dasn\u011b s menstruac\u00ed. Byly pozorov\u00e1ny v r\u016fzn\u00fdch org\u00e1nech (krv\u00e1cen\u00ed z nosu, vyka\u0161l\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed krve, krv\u00e1cen\u00ed z o\u010d\u00ed, atd.). V ojedin\u011bl\u00fdch vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech doch\u00e1z\u00ed k mnoho\u010detn\u00e9mu krv\u00e1cen\u00ed (z o\u010d\u00ed, u\u0161\u00ed, nosu, kone\u010dn\u00edku, mo\u010dov\u00e9ho m\u011bch\u00fd\u0159e atd.). P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny krv\u00e1cen\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt r\u016fzn\u00e9, v\u011bt\u0161inou jde o endometri\u00f3zu (gynekologick\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed), nebo amyloid\u00f3zu (poru\u0161en\u00ed metabolismu b\u00edlkovin).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Od krvav\u00e9ho potu Kristova po hematidr\u00f3zu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Epizoda s \u201ekrvav\u00fdm potem Kristov\u00fdm\u201c je sou\u010d\u00e1st mu\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se odehr\u00e1lo na Olivov\u00e9 ho\u0159e p\u0159ed smrt\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u2022 &#8222;Ve smrteln\u00e9m z\u00e1pasu se tedy modlil je\u0161t\u011b vroucn\u011bji a jeho pot st\u00e9kal na zem jako kr\u016fp\u011bje krve.&#8220; (Luk\u00e1\u0161, 22:44).<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pocen\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed krve neboli \u201ehematidr\u00f3za\u201c je fenom\u00e9n, kter\u00fd je v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e zmi\u0148ov\u00e1n jen z\u0159\u00eddka. N\u011bkolik takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f bylo podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1no a prozkoum\u00e1no. \u0158ada p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f hematidr\u00f3zy byla v minulosti klasifikov\u00e1na jako \u201estigmata\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Hematidr\u00f3za se vyskytuje p\u0159i intenzivn\u00edm emo\u010dn\u00edm stresu, jako je strach ze smrti (jako v biblick\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i). Potenci\u00e1ln\u011b spou\u0161t\u011bc\u00edmi faktory jsou traumatick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti (n\u00e1siln\u00e1 smrt milovan\u00e9 osoby, bit\u00ed, atd.) nebo pou\u017eit\u00ed hypn\u00f3zy.<\/p>\n<p>Hematidr\u00f3za postihuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mlad\u00e9 d\u00edvky ve v\u011bku od 10 do 15 let, ale byl zaznamen\u00e1n jeden p\u0159\u00edpad u 72let\u00e9ho mu\u017ee. P\u0159\u00edpady se vyskytuj\u00ed s r\u016fznou frekvenc\u00ed a d\u00e9lkou trv\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9ho \u201epotu\u201c (obvykle od n\u011bkolika minut do \u010dtvrt hodiny), \u010dasto b\u011bhem obdob\u00ed \u00fazkosti, a v\u017edy b\u011bhem bd\u011bn\u00ed. \u010casto tomu p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00ed brn\u011bn\u00ed a bolest. Krvav\u00fd pot se m\u016f\u017ee vyskytovat na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech: na \u010dele, pupku, dlan\u00edch, chodidlech, poko\u017ece hlavy, kon\u010detin, b\u0159ichu, trupu, nebo jinde. K\u016f\u017ee je norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, bez z\u00e1n\u011btu nebo jizev a pacienti jsou v dobr\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 kondici. Krom\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9ho \u201ep\u0159irozen\u00e9ho\u201c stresu spojen\u00e9ho se samotnou nemoc\u00ed jsou pacienti du\u0161evn\u011b zdrav\u00ed, nebo mohou trp\u011bt depres\u00ed. P\u0159i hematidr\u00f3ze vypad\u00e1 vyt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed krev pr\u016fhledn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a tekut\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u00edky z\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed potem.<\/p>\n<p>Krv\u00e1cen\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee objevit v situac\u00edch, kdy je pocen\u00ed vyvol\u00e1no hore\u010dkou, nadm\u011brnou fyzickou aktivitou. B\u011bhem pe\u010dliv\u00e9ho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed poko\u017eky hlavy u jednoho mlad\u00e9ho pacienta bylo vid\u011bt, \u017ee krv\u00e1cen\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed z vlasov\u00fdch folikul\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Mechanismus hematidr\u00f3zy z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pon\u011bkud z\u00e1hadn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Krvav\u00e9 slzy neboli hemolakrie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Krvav\u00e9 slzy nebo hemolakrie (dakryohemorh\u00f3za, dakryohemorea, lacrimae cruentae) je vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, pro pacienta pom\u011brn\u011b d\u011bsiv\u00e1, ale oftalmolog\u016fm dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e9. Prvn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady byly zaznamen\u00e1ny na konci 16. stolet\u00ed, a od t\u00e9 doby velmi vz\u00e1cn\u011b. Mezi p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny pat\u0159\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed poruchy spojivky a o\u010dn\u00edch v\u00ed\u010dek, nososolacrim\u00e1ln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu nebo slzn\u00fdch \u017el\u00e1z, dren\u00e1\u017e krv\u00e1cen\u00ed z nosu slzn\u00fdmi cestami, z\u00e1stupn\u00e1 menstruace, trauma, Rendu-Oslerova choroba, a dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 tuto poruchu tak\u00e9 spojuj\u00ed se stigmatizac\u00ed. Jen\u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 pas\u00e1\u017e Bible krvav\u00e9 slzy nezmi\u0148uje.<\/p>\n<p>Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad hemolakrie se vyskytl u Teresy Neumannov\u00e9. Dost\u00e1vala se do extatick\u00e9ho transu, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m krv\u00e1cela z pa\u017e\u00ed, nohou, poko\u017eky hlavy a hrudn\u00edku, a ut\u00edrala si krvav\u00e9 slzy. Oftalmologick\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed nic nezjistilo.<\/p>\n<p>Hemolakrie a hematidr\u00f3za se mohou vyskytovat spole\u010dn\u011b. Tak tomu bylo u jedn\u00e9 10 let\u00e9 indick\u00e9 d\u00edvky, v d\u016fsledku t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho osobn\u00edho a \u0161koln\u00edho stresu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stigmatizace vymizela?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00fdvoje medic\u00ednsk\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a popisu nov\u00fdch chorob p\u0159\u00edpady \u201estigmat\u201c postupn\u011b p\u0159e\u0161ly oblasti st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch z\u00e1had do oblasti organick\u00fdch, psychiatrick\u00fdch \u010di skute\u010dn\u011b \u201epsychosomatick\u00fdch\u201c medic\u00ednsk\u00fdch patologi\u00ed. P\u0159esto je je\u0161t\u011b \u0159ada p\u0159\u00ed\u010din r\u016fzn\u00fdch z\u00e1hadn\u00fdch a znepokojiv\u00fdch \u201ekrvav\u00fdch\u201c symptom\u016f st\u00e1le nejasn\u00e1 a l\u00e9\u010dba nezn\u00e1m\u00e1\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stigmatici<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Franti\u0161ek z Assisi (1181\u20131226)<br \/>\n\u2022 Kate\u0159ina ze Sieny (1347\u20131380)<br \/>\n\u2022 Rita z Ka\u0161iya (1381\u20131457)<br \/>\n\u2022 Lucie z Narnie (1476\u20131544)<br \/>\n\u2022 Catherine de Ricci (1522-1590)<br \/>\n\u2022 Veronica Giuliani (1660\u20131727)<br \/>\n\u2022 Anna Catherine Emmerich (1774\u20131824)<br \/>\n\u2022 Maria von M\u00f6rl z Tyrolska (1812\u20131883)<br \/>\n\u2022 Maria Domenica Lazzari (1815\u20131850)<br \/>\n\u2022 Juliana Weiskircher (1824-1851)<br \/>\n\u2022 Maria Beatrix Schumannov\u00e1 (1853\u2013?)<br \/>\n\u2022 Louise Lato (1850-1883)<br \/>\n\u2022 Gemma Galgani (1878\u20131903)<br \/>\n\u2022 Madeleine Xa (1933-?)<br \/>\n\u2022 Padre Pio z Pietrelciny (1887\u20131968)<br \/>\n\u2022 Tereza Neumannov\u00e1 (1898\u20131962)<br \/>\n\u2022 Marie Rose Ferron (1902-1936)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pozn\u00e1mky<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <strong><em>Umu\u010den\u00ed (utrpen\u00ed) Krista<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; podle evangeli\u00ed sled ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159inesly Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i Kristu fyzick\u00e9 i duchovn\u00ed utrpen\u00ed v posledn\u00edch dnech a hodin\u00e1ch jeho pozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed m\u00edsto mezi utrpen\u00edm Krista zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed ud\u00e1losti, kter\u00e9 se odehr\u00e1ly po Posledn\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159i: zat\u010den\u00ed, soud, bi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a poprava. Uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed je vyvrcholen\u00edm Umu\u010den\u00ed Krista.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong><em>Hemopt\u00fdza<\/em><\/strong> je vyka\u0161l\u00e1n\u00ed krve z doln\u00edch cest d\u00fdchac\u00edch nebo plic<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong><em>Hemolakrie<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; krv\u00e1cen\u00ed o\u010d\u00ed se slzami<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Ehlers-Danlos\u016fv syndrom<\/strong><\/em> je skupina d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch dysfunkc\u00ed pojivov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch poruchou synt\u00e9zy kolagenu. Obvykle postihuje klouby, k\u016f\u017ei a krevn\u00ed c\u00e9vy. P\u0159\u00edznaky se velmi li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na typu onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b snadno po\u0161kozen\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee; nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 hojen\u00ed ran a tvorba jizev; mal\u00e9 a k\u0159ehk\u00e9 krevn\u00ed c\u00e9vy.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Konverzn\u00ed porucha<\/strong><\/em> se projevuje ve form\u011b neurologick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f, kter\u00e9 se rozv\u00edjej\u00ed nev\u011bdom\u011b a mimovoln\u011b a obvykle ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed motorick\u00e9 a smyslov\u00e9 funkce. N\u00e1stup, zhor\u0161en\u00ed nebo rozvoj konverzn\u00edch symptom\u016f je obvykle p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n ment\u00e1ln\u00edm faktor\u016fm, jako je stres nebo trauma. Jde o formu somatizace \u2013 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed psychick\u00fdch jev\u016f v podob\u011b fyzick\u00fdch (somatick\u00fdch) symptom\u016f.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Amaur\u00f3za<\/strong><\/em> (z \u0159e\u010dtiny tmav\u00fd, slep\u00fd) &#8211; slepota, kter\u00e1 vznikla bez viditeln\u00fdch anatomick\u00fdch zm\u011bn o\u010dn\u00ed bulvy.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Somatizace<\/strong><\/em> &#8211; projevy du\u0161evn\u00ed poruchy v podob\u011b t\u011blesn\u00fdch (somatick\u00fdch) p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f. Poruchy, u kter\u00fdch je mo\u017en\u00fd rozvoj somatizace, jsou velmi r\u016fznorod\u00e9: od t\u011bch, u kter\u00fdch se symptomy tvo\u0159\u00ed nev\u011bdom\u011b a mimovoln\u011b, a\u017e po ty, u kter\u00fdch se symptomy rozv\u00edjej\u00ed zcela v\u011bdom\u011b.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Dermat\u00f3za<\/strong><\/em> je rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 skupina heterogenn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee a jej\u00edch p\u0159\u00eddavk\u016f (vlasy, nehty, \u017el\u00e1zy) r\u016fzn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu (infek\u010dn\u00ed, alergick\u00e1, imunitn\u00ed atd.), zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch jak vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, tak vnit\u0159n\u00edmi (endogenn\u00edmi) p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Patomimie<\/strong><\/em> (z \u0159eck\u00e9ho utrpen\u00ed, nemoc, napodobov\u00e1n\u00ed, obraz) &#8211; sebepo\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee v d\u016fsledku du\u0161evn\u00ed poruchy. Klinick\u00fd obraz patomimie je velmi rozmanit\u00fd: od oby\u010dejn\u00fdch pop\u00e1lenin a\u017e po hlubok\u00e9 ulcer\u00f3zn\u011b-nekrotick\u00e9 l\u00e9ze, kter\u00e9 napodobuj\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 patologick\u00e9 procesy. Patomimii lze poznat podle neobvykl\u00e9ho tvaru a tvaru dermat\u00f3z; lokalizace pouze na t\u011bch oblastech k\u016f\u017ee, kter\u00e9 jsou pro pacienta p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9. Panuje nesoulad mezi klinick\u00fdmi projevy a pr\u016fb\u011bhem dermat\u00f3zy. Diagn\u00f3zu potvrd\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9 zhojen\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee u stav\u016f, kter\u00e9 vylu\u010duj\u00ed mo\u017enost opakovan\u00e9ho sebepo\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Endometri\u00f3za<\/strong><\/em> je gynekologick\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m bu\u0148ky jako endometrium (vnit\u0159n\u00ed vrstva d\u011blohy) rostou mimo tuto vrstvu. V t\u00e9to tk\u00e1ni doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke stejn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m jako u norm\u00e1ln\u00edho endometria, projevuj\u00edc\u00ed se m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm krv\u00e1cen\u00edm. Existuj\u00ed genit\u00e1ln\u00ed (uvnit\u0159 pohlavn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f) a extragenit\u00e1ln\u00ed (mimo reproduk\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m) endometri\u00f3za.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Amyloid\u00f3za<\/strong><\/em> &#8211; poru\u0161en\u00ed metabolismu b\u00edlkovin, doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9 tvorbou a ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm specifick\u00e9ho protein-polysacharidov\u00e9ho komplexu &#8211; amyloidu v tk\u00e1n\u00edch. Ulo\u017een\u00edm ve tk\u00e1n\u00edch (nap\u0159\u00edklad ve st\u011bn\u00e1ch krevn\u00edch c\u00e9v, \u017el\u00e1zov\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00edch atd.) amyloid vyt\u011bs\u0148uje funk\u010dn\u011b specializovan\u00e9 prvky org\u00e1nu, co\u017e vede ke smrti org\u00e1nu.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Chromhidr\u00f3za<\/strong><\/em> (barevn\u00fd pot) &#8211; barven\u00ed sekretu potn\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z \u010dervenou, \u017elutou, modrou, zelenou a dal\u0161\u00edmi barvami. Chromhidr\u00f3za m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobena synt\u00e9zou specifick\u00e9ho pigmentu v apokrinn\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z\u00e1ch nebo uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm chemik\u00e1li\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vstupuj\u00ed do t\u011bla potem.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Pseudochromidr\u00f3za<\/strong><\/em> (neprav\u00e1) &#8211; uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed bezbarv\u00e9ho, oby\u010dejn\u00e9ho potu, kter\u00fd z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 barvu p\u0159\u00edmo na povrchu k\u016f\u017ee. Pseudochromidr\u00f3za se vyskytuje u pracovn\u00edk\u016f podnik\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou z povahy sv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti v kontaktu s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi kovy a chemik\u00e1liemi nebo mohou b\u00fdt spojeny s tvorbou barviv v d\u016fsledku \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u010dinnosti mikroorganism\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch na povrchu k\u016f\u017ee.\u00a8<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Randu-Oslerova choroba<\/strong><\/em> je d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je zalo\u017eeno na m\u00e9n\u011bcennosti vaskul\u00e1rn\u00edho endotelu, jeho\u017e v\u00fdsledkem jsou \u010detn\u00e9 anom\u00e1lie krevn\u00edch c\u00e9v, kter\u00e9 krv\u00e1cej\u00ed na r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech k\u016f\u017ee a sliznic rt\u016f, \u00fast a vnit\u0159n\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Konverze<\/strong><\/em> &#8211; ztr\u00e1ta senzorick\u00e9 a\/nebo motorick\u00e9 funkce.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Trombofilie<\/strong><\/em> &#8211; poru\u0161en\u00ed koagulace (sr\u00e1\u017een\u00ed krve), predispozice k tvorb\u011b krevn\u00edch sra\u017eenin.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Otorhagie<\/strong><\/em> &#8211; krv\u00e1cen\u00ed z ucha.<br \/>\n\u2022 <em><strong>Hematurie<\/strong><\/em> \u2013 p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u010derven\u00fdch krvinek v mo\u010di.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-78 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty01-249x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty01-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty01.jpg 607w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>\u2022 Obr. 1. Stigmata svat\u00e9ho Franti\u0161ka z Assisi. Foto Marco Desscouleurs.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-83\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty021-242x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty021-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty021.jpg 372w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-84 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty022-300x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty022-300x253.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty022.jpg 364w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-85 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty023-300x236.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty023-300x236.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty023.jpg 391w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u2022 Obr. 21 Um\u011bleck\u00e9 ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00ed uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed Krista (Karl\u016fv most, Praha). V\u0161imn\u011bte si h\u0159ebu uprost\u0159ed dlan\u011b (obr. 22) a r\u00e1ny na prav\u00e9 stran\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho kop\u00ed (obr. 23).<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-79\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty03-172x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty03-172x300.jpg 172w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty03-586x1024.jpg 586w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty03-768x1343.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty03-878x1536.jpg 878w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty03.jpg 880w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>\u2022 Obr.3 Svat\u00fd \u0158eho\u0159, kter\u00fd pochyboval o stigmatech Franti\u0161ka z Assisi, vid\u00ed ve snu svat\u00e9ho Franti\u0161ka, jak pln\u00ed poh\u00e1r svou krv\u00ed. Rytina B. Picarda, 1732.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-80\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty04-300x232.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty04-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty04-768x594.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty04.jpg 775w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>\u2022 Obr. 4 Italsk\u00e1 stigmati\u010dka Maria Domenica Lazzari, kolorovan\u00e1 rytina, 1840.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-81\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty05-239x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty05-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty05-817x1024.jpg 817w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty05-768x963.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty05.jpg 880w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>\u2022 Obr. 5 Maria Domenica Lazzari. Akvarel L. Giuditti podle skici biskupa L. G. de Segur, 1846.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-82\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty06-236x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty06-236x300.jpg 236w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty06-768x975.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/cp_jak-je-to-se-stigmaty06.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>\u2022 Obr. 6 Stigmatick\u00e1 ext\u00e1ze Marie von M\u00f6rl. Akvarel L. Giuditti podle skici biskupa L. G. de Segur, 1846.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stigmata \u2013 tyto podivn\u00e9 \u201er\u00e1ny Kristovy\u201c jsou trvalou z\u00e1hadou, prov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anskou kulturu u\u017e n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":86,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,5,8],"tags":[16],"class_list":["post-75","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nazory","category-souvislosti","category-veda","tag-stigmata"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=75"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":87,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75\/revisions\/87"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/86"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=75"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=75"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=75"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}