{"id":970,"date":"2023-10-17T00:19:31","date_gmt":"2023-10-16T22:19:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=970"},"modified":"2023-11-26T00:33:57","modified_gmt":"2023-11-25T23:33:57","slug":"ne-prace-ale-rvacka-udelala-z-lidoopa-cloveka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/10\/17\/ne-prace-ale-rvacka-udelala-z-lidoopa-cloveka\/","title":{"rendered":"Ne pr\u00e1ce, ale rva\u010dka ud\u011blala z lidoopa \u010dlov\u011bka"},"content":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00edm d\u016fsledkem evoluce bylo, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159edek z\u00edskal schopnost sev\u0159\u00edt ruku v p\u011bst, aby porazil sv\u00e9ho soupe\u0159e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dader, \u00fader a je\u0161t\u011b \u00fader<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee Fridrich Engels (1) nem\u011bl tak docela pravdu v tom, \u017ee pr\u00e1ce ud\u011blala z opice \u010dlov\u011bka. Jak vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 ze studi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 provedli v\u011bdci z univerzity v Utahu (University of Utah), mnohem siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vliv na na\u0161i evoluci m\u011bla rva\u010dka. To znamen\u00e1, z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed schopnosti sev\u0159\u00edt ruku takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, aby j\u00ed bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ude\u0159it, zranit, porazit, nebo dokonce zab\u00edt.<\/p>\n

Je v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee prsty na\u0161ich opi\u010d\u00edch p\u0159edk\u016f se zkr\u00e1tily pot\u00e9, co slezli ze strom\u016f. U\u017e se nemuseli dr\u017eet v\u011btve. D\u00e1le se lidsk\u00fd prap\u0159edek nau\u010dil pou\u017e\u00edvat r\u016fzn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, a osvojil si schopnost k jemn\u00e9 manipulaci. V d\u016fsledku toho se palec, \u0159e\u010deno v\u011bdeck\u00fdm jazykem, dostal do opozice k dlani.<\/p>\n

\u201eJestli p\u0159\u00edroda p\u0159izp\u016fsobila lidskou ruku pouze pro zru\u010dnou manipulaci s p\u0159edm\u011bty,\u201c vysv\u011btluje David Carrier (2), \u201etak mohla vytvo\u0159it i slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed konstrukci. Lid\u00e9 nedostali ten nejlep\u0161\u00ed model. Pro\u010d tomu tak je?\u201c<\/p>\n

Profesor Carrier p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010del byla p\u011bst – prost\u0159edek k \u00fatoku a z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed nadvl\u00e1dy v boji o j\u00eddlo a \u017eeny. A schopnost manipulovat, tj. pracovat, byl a\u017e vedlej\u0161\u00ed efekt. I kdy\u017e velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 1 Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty pro zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fader\u016f ruky<\/em><\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 dla\u0148 s um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm prst\u016f umo\u017e\u0148uje vytvo\u0159it p\u011bst, nejtvrd\u0161\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 seskupen\u00ed kost\u00ed. Pevnosti je dosa\u017eeno t\u00edm, \u017ee prsty maj\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00e9lku, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 mohou \u0161pi\u010dky prst\u016f spo\u010d\u00edvat v dlani, a palec dr\u017e\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti prst\u016f. R\u00e1na, dan\u00e1 takovou p\u011bst\u00ed, m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 nejmen\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1sledky pro vlastn\u00ed ruku.<\/p>\n

Carrier potvrdil svou teorii za pomoci dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f. Bili sv\u00fdmi p\u011bstmi do boxovac\u00edho pytle, profesor m\u011b\u0159il s\u00edlu n\u00e1razu a deformaci pytle. Tyto studie prov\u00e1d\u011bl po t\u0159i roky. (3) Ale n\u011bco nedalo profesoru klidu. A rozhodl se znovu testovat svou teorii, ale za pomoci lidsk\u00fdch rukou z mrtv\u00fdch t\u011bl\u2026<\/p>\n

Carrier dostal dev\u011bt rukou. Um\u00edstil na n\u011b tenzometry. Uspo\u0159\u00e1dal t\u0159i s\u00e9rie pokus\u016f, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch ruce dostaly \u00fader speci\u00e1ln\u00edm oscila\u010dn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm. V prvn\u00ed s\u00e9rii byly ruce za\u0165at\u00e9 v p\u011bst, v druh\u00e9 s\u00e9rii nebyla p\u011bst sev\u0159en\u00e1, \u0161lo o \u00fader klouby a prsty, ve t\u0159et\u00ed s\u00e9rii \u0161lo o \u00fadery plochou rukou. Senzory v rukou m\u011b\u0159ily deformace kost\u00ed a tk\u00e1n\u00ed, senzory v p\u0159edm\u011btu m\u011b\u0159ily s\u00edlu \u00fatoku.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 2 Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro simulaci \u00fatok\u016f<\/em><\/p>\n

Experimenty uk\u00e1zaly: ruka, sev\u0159en\u00e1 v p\u011bst, nejl\u00e9pe chr\u00e1n\u00ed kosti p\u0159ed mo\u017en\u00fdm zran\u011bn\u00edm. P\u0159itom je mo\u017en\u00e9 ude\u0159it p\u011bst\u00ed jeden a p\u016fl kr\u00e1t siln\u011bji ne\u017e jen klouby a dvakr\u00e1t siln\u011bji ne\u017e plochou rukou.<\/p>\n

Profesor do\u0161el k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee na\u0161i vzd\u00e1len\u00ed p\u0159edci museli dob\u0159e pou\u017e\u00edt p\u011bsti jako zbran\u011b. Byly nem\u00e9n\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 ne\u017e kameny nebo klacky. Na \u00fasvitu evoluce se p\u011bsti staly v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm a dokonce rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm argumentem p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spor\u016f v kmeni. (4)<\/p>\n

Genetick\u00e1 pam\u011b\u0165 o skute\u010dn\u00e9m \u00fa\u010delu na\u0161ich rukou a jejich boxersk\u00e9 minulosti se projevuje dodnes v podv\u011bdom\u00ed modern\u00edch lid\u00ed. P\u0159i roz\u010d\u00edlen\u00ed instinktivn\u011b zat\u00edn\u00e1me p\u011bsti. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed hroz\u00ed p\u011bst\u00ed s c\u00edlem druh\u00e9ho zastra\u0161it. A n\u011bkdo snadno pust\u00ed p\u011bsti do hry. Jako za star\u00fdch \u010das\u016f.<\/p>\n

U opic i humanoid\u016f je dla\u0148 utvo\u0159en\u00e1 tak, \u017ee nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt sev\u0159ena do siln\u00e9 p\u011bsti. Opice nemohou b\u00fdt boxe\u0159i. Ani \u0159emesln\u00edci. A nebudou nikdy. Kdo v\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edroda schv\u00e1ln\u011b nevybavila opice p\u011bstmi, aby n\u00e1s nep\u0159edb\u011bhli v evolu\u010dn\u00edm \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nObr. Tlapa opice (vlevo) nen\u00ed schopna se sev\u0159\u00edt v p\u011bst.<\/em><\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrich_Engels<\/a><\/em>
\n(2) http:\/\/www.biology.utah.edu\/people\/details.php?id=61<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) http:\/\/unews.utah.edu\/news_releases\/fine-hands-fists-of-fury<\/a><\/em>
\n(4) University of Utah biologist: Human hand evolved for punching. Online: https:\/\/unews.utah.edu\/dead-men-punching\/<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00edm d\u016fsledkem evoluce bylo, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159edek z\u00edskal schopnost sev\u0159\u00edt ruku v p\u011bst, aby porazil sv\u00e9ho soupe\u0159e<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":974,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,8],"tags":[60,52],"class_list":["post-970","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-souvislosti","category-veda","tag-clovek","tag-historie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/970","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=970"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/970\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":975,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/970\/revisions\/975"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/974"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=970"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=970"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=970"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}