{"id":976,"date":"2023-10-18T00:47:02","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T22:47:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/?p=976"},"modified":"2023-11-26T00:51:00","modified_gmt":"2023-11-25T23:51:00","slug":"strachem-proti-strachu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/2023\/10\/18\/strachem-proti-strachu\/","title":{"rendered":"Strachem proti strachu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Obavy, znepokojen\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b strach potla\u010duji intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dinnost a vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed stresov\u00e9 stavy,<\/strong><\/p>\n

kter\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u0159et\u011bzce neuroendokrinn\u00edch proces\u016f zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed patologick\u00e9 poruchy v organismu a t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Pat\u0159\u00ed k nim poruchy srde\u010dn\u011b c\u00e9vn\u00ed soustavy, v\u0159edov\u00e1 choroba, zubn\u00ed kaz i n\u011bkter\u00e9 onkologick\u00e9 choroby, co\u017e ov\u0161em ani zdaleka nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u00fd seznam onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch stresov\u00fdmi situacemi a stavy, anebo civiliza\u010dn\u00edch chorob, jak se \u010dasto naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Strach m\u00e1 v\u0161ak i svou pozitivn\u00ed str\u00e1nku \u2014 je jakousi obrannou reakc\u00ed, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi situacemi. Kdyby neexistoval pud sebez\u00e1chovy a s n\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed strach p\u0159ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ohro\u017een\u00edm, dostali bychom se nejednou pod kola aut, riskovali bychom utonut\u00ed nebo n\u011bjak\u00fd smrteln\u00fd p\u00e1d. Stres vyvolan\u00fd strachem d\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bku n\u011bkdy mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou s\u00edlu, rychlost a \u0161ikovnost. Existuje mnoho p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy nebezpe\u010d\u00ed p\u0159inutilo lidi zdolat nep\u0159ekonatelnou p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku, zdvihnout neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 b\u0159emeno a udr\u017eet ho …<\/p>\n

Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b je strach nep\u0159\u00edtelem, a velmi nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Neodbytn\u00fd strach, deprimuj\u00edc\u00ed utkv\u011bl\u00e9 my\u0161lenky se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed fobiemi. Jsou to samy o sob\u011b velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 a nesnadno l\u00e9\u010diteln\u00e1 nervov\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed nav\u00edc za n\u00e1sledek nem\u00e9n\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 choroby \u2014 srde\u010dn\u00ed, \u017ealude\u010dn\u00ed a mnoh\u00e9 jin\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Filozofov\u00e9 a l\u00e9ka\u0159i se ji\u017e od starov\u011bku sna\u017eili naj\u00edt n\u011bjak\u00fd prost\u0159edek proti strachu.<\/p>\n

Tomuto z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9mu probl\u00e9mu v\u011bnuje velkou pozornost i sou\u010dasn\u00e1 medic\u00edna a psychologie. Pozoruhodn\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bchem v tomto sm\u011bru se mohou pochlubit specialist\u00e9 leningradsk\u00e9ho Fyziologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu I. P. Pavlova Akademie v\u011bd SSSR, jim\u017e se poda\u0159ilo vypracovat novou a \u00fa\u010dinnou metodu l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed fobi\u00ed, stav\u016f neodbytn\u00e9ho strachu.<\/p>\n

Dosud se k potla\u010den\u00ed t\u011bchto stav\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvalo cel\u00e9 \u0159ady prost\u0159edk\u016f \u2014 uklid\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e9k\u016f, r\u016fzn\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f psychoterapeutick\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emocion\u00e1ln\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed (nap\u0159. hypn\u00f3zy) i dnes tak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed metody autogenn\u00edho tr\u00e9ninku a autosugesce.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny tyto prost\u0159edky nejsou v\u0161ak v\u017edy dostate\u010dn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, mj. i proto, \u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00e9ho p\u0159epadl strach, m\u016f\u017ee jen t\u011b\u017eko p\u0159esn\u011b a objektivn\u011b hodnotit svoje pocity, zjistit, z \u010deho jeho nepokoj, \u00fazkost \u010di strach vyv\u011br\u00e1, a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b se proti nim postavit.<\/p>\n

Ud\u011blat strach viditeln\u00fdm, zhmotnit ho, zaznamenat na p\u00e1sce registra\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstroje nebo zobrazit na displeji oscilografu, uk\u00e1zat pacientovi jeho zhmotn\u011bl\u00fd strach aby mohl tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 s t\u00edmto protivn\u00edkem bojovat a zv\u00edt\u011bzit nad n\u00edm, to byl hlavn\u00ed cil pr\u00e1ce, do n\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika lety pustila ve Fyziologick\u00e9m \u00fastavu doktorka l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u011bd J. I. Popovov\u00e1 se sv\u00fdmi spolupracovn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Uvid\u011bt strach znamen\u00e1 uvid\u011bt j\u00edm vyvolan\u00e9 zm\u011bny v syst\u00e9mech organismu a v jejich funkc\u00edch. Nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm indik\u00e1torem je zde tzv. ko\u017en\u011b galvanick\u00e1 reakce (KGR). Jde v podstat\u011b o zm\u011bnu elektrick\u00e9ho odporu k\u016f\u017ee spojenou s aktivac\u00ed potn\u00edch \u017el\u00e1z je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edv, ne\u017e se za\u010dne vylu\u010dovat pot. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na ne\u010dekan\u00e1 zm\u011bna vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed situace se toti\u017e obr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na elektrick\u00e9m odporu k\u016f\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e si leningrad\u0161t\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i zvolili ko\u017en\u011b galvanickou reakci za viditeln\u00fd ukazatel strachu, mohli p\u0159ikro\u010dit k tomu hlavn\u00edmu: nau\u010dit lidi tuto reakci zvl\u00e1dnout, potla\u010dit ji a t\u00edm potla\u010dit i strach.<\/p>\n

Metoda, kterou k tomu vypracovali, je p\u0159esn\u011b opa\u010dn\u00e1 ne\u017e dosavadn\u00ed relaxa\u010dn\u00ed metody zalo\u017een\u00e9 na zklid\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pacienta a jeho uvoln\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mu umo\u017e\u0148uje zbavit se nap\u011bt\u00ed, nepokoje a strachu. Ve Fyziologick\u00e9m \u00fastavu j\u00ed obrazn\u011b \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed vyh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed strachu strachem. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se p\u0159i tom r\u016fzn\u00fdch zvukov\u00fdch podn\u011bt\u016f vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch znepokojen\u00ed, \u00falek a nakonec i strach. Sign\u00e1l strachu, jak se mu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, je vysok\u00fd, studen\u00fd, nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd zvuk, kter\u00fd bud\u00ed hr\u016fzu.<\/p>\n

V prvn\u00ed etap\u011b se pacient mus\u00ed nau\u010dit b\u00fdt ke zvukov\u00fdm podn\u011bt\u016fm lhostejn\u00fd, nereagovat na n\u011b.<\/p>\n

V druh\u00e9 etap\u011b nab\u00fdv\u00e1 jeden ze zvukov\u00fdch podn\u011bt\u016f nov\u00e9ho smyslu spojen\u00e9ho s re\u00e1lnou hrozbou. Na konci vysok\u00e9ho, pronikav\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu pacient neodvratn\u011b dost\u00e1v\u00e1 silnou, bolestivou r\u00e1nu elektrick\u00fdm proudem. Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u0159ivky KGR a jej\u00ed ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed bychom mohli p\u0159irovnat k elektronick\u00e9mu hokeji na televizn\u00ed obrazovce. Jak v\u00edme, v hokeji za ka\u017ed\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed pravidel n\u00e1sleduje trest. Dalo by se tedy logicky p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee i v za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Fyziologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu je pacient trest\u00e1n za ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 pokusy o ovl\u00e1dnut\u00ed k\u0159ivky KGR. Bylo by to spravedliv\u00e9. Av\u0161ak v druh\u00e9 etap\u011b v\u00fdcviku o n\u011bjak\u00e9 spravedlnosti nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ani \u0159e\u010di. I kdy\u017e je k\u0159ivka KGR na displeji v norm\u011b, dost\u00e1v\u00e1 pacient r\u00e1nu elektrick\u00fdch proudem.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00fd trest vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 u \u010dlov\u011bka pochopiteln\u00e9 rozpaky, pacient se na l\u00e9ka\u0159e zlob\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, ale l\u00e9ka\u0159 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 vyh\u00fdbav\u011b, v\u017edy\u0165 l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed je dobrovoln\u00e9. Znepokojiv\u00fd zvukov\u00fd sign\u00e1l a neodvratnost r\u00e1ny elektrick\u00fdm proudem za\u010dnou m\u00edt pro pacienta jedin\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Model strachu je vytvo\u0159en a je mo\u017eno p\u0159ikro\u010dit k t\u0159et\u00ed etap\u011b \u2014 k tr\u00e9ninku aktivn\u00edho potla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed strachu.<\/p>\n

V t\u0159et\u00ed etap\u011b u\u017e triumfuje spravedlnost \u2014 nezaslou\u017een\u00e9 tresty jsou zru\u0161eny. Jestli\u017ee se b\u011bhem sign\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd upozor\u0148uje na kritick\u00fd okam\u017eik, \u010dlov\u011bk \u00fapln\u011b ovl\u00e1dne a dok\u00e1\u017ee udr\u017eet k\u0159ivku sv\u00e9 ko\u017en\u011b galvanick\u00e9 reakce v mez\u00edch uveden\u00fdch na displeji, r\u00e1na elektrick\u00fdm proudem nen\u00e1sleduje. \u010clov\u011bk si jasn\u00e9 uv\u011bdomuje, \u017ee nyn\u00ed u\u017e v\u0161echno z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jeho v\u016fli a dovednosti. Ne- zvl\u00e1dne-li k\u0159ivku, bude potrest\u00e1n, v opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nen\u00ed k trestu d\u016fvod. A jak se ukazuje, \u010dlov\u011bk ji zvl\u00e1d\u00e1 a nad strachem v\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Metoda I. P. Popovov\u00e9 a jej\u00edch spolupracovn\u00edk\u016f se v praxi velmi dob\u0159e osv\u011bd\u010dila. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pozoruhodn\u00fd byl p\u0159\u00edpad n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edka, kter\u00e9ho jednou b\u011bhem dlouh\u00e9 plavby za nevl\u00eddn\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed posedla my\u0161lenka, \u017ee u\u017e nikdy neuvid\u00ed pevnou zem. Tento strach ho ustavi\u010dn\u011b pron\u00e1sledoval, a\u017e se z n\u011bho vyvinula velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 neur\u00f3za. B\u011bhem l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed se mu velmi dlouho nepoda\u0159ilo ovl\u00e1dnout k\u0159ivku KGR na displeji. A tehdy se I. P. Popovov\u00e1 odhodlala k nov\u00e9mu experimentu. P\u0159ipevnila si elektrody ke sv\u00e9 ruce a \u0159ekla: \u201eM\u016fj osud je te\u010f ve va\u0161ich rukou. Jestli\u017ee se nedok\u00e1\u017eete ovl\u00e1dnout, dostanu r\u00e1nu elektrick\u00fdm proudem j\u00e1.“<\/em><\/p>\n

Strach o druh\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka se uk\u00e1zal siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e fobie. Od t\u00e9to chv\u00edle pokra\u010dovalo l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b.<\/p>\n

Metoda l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed strachu strachem najde z\u0159ejm\u011b \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed nejen v klinick\u00e9 praxi, ale i v profesion\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdcviku \u2014 v t\u011bch profes\u00edch, kde se vy\u017eaduje odvaha a schopnost dokonale se ovl\u00e1dat v kritick\u00fdch situac\u00edch.<\/p>\n

\u010cten\u00ed \u010d.2, 1987 s.72-74<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Obavy, znepokojen\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b strach potla\u010duji intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dinnost a vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed stresov\u00e9 stavy,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":492,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[60,51],"class_list":["post-976","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zdravi-2","tag-clovek","tag-zdravi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/976","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=976"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/976\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":977,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/976\/revisions\/977"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/492"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=976"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=976"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestypsychotroniky.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=976"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}